KETONES.pptx

This is all about ketones.

1. KETONES

2. Ketones Ketones are chemicals the body produces when it breaks down fat for energy. The word  ketone  is derived from   Aketon , an old German word for  acetone In  organic chemistry, a  ketone  is a  functional group  with the structure R 2 C=O, where R can be a variety of  carbon -containing  substituents. Ketones contain a  carbonyl group   (a carbon-oxygen  double bond ). The simplest ketone is  acetone (R = R' =  methyl ), with the formula CH 3 C(O)CH 3 ..

3. PROPERTIES: Boiling Point Ketones are polar due to this C=O bond and therefore have stronger intermolecular forces than hydrocarbons making their boiling points higher. * Due to the difference in the electronegativity of carbon and hydrogen atoms, oxygen attracts electrons from carbon which leads to the polarity of a molecule

4. PROPERTIES: Solubility The reason for the solubility is that they can form hydrogen bond with water molecules. The small ketones are freely soluble in water, but solubility falls with chain length. One of the slightly positive hydrogen atoms in a water molecule can be sufficiently attracted to one of the lone pairs on the oxygen atom of a ketone for a hydrogen bond to be formed.

5. PROPERTIES: Solubility Ketones can form hydrogen bonds with water and therefore low molecular weight ketones have appreciable water solubility

6. Applications of Ketones: They are commonly used in the biochemistry. Ketone strips are used by the diabetic's patients under the concern of doctor. Ketones are produced on large scale in the industries as solvents and polymer precursors. Acetone is a commonly used as a solvent in nail polish remover as it is the most active ingredient for some paint thinners .

7. Classification of  Ketones Diketones:  Diketones are well known for their unusual properties. The diacetyl (CH3C(O)C(O)CH3) ketones is used for the butter-flavoring in popcorn. Acetylacetone is virtually a misnomer because this species exists mainly as the monoene  a common ligand in coordination chemistry. 2)Unsaturated ketones Unsaturated ketones contains the unit of alkene and alkyne. Vinyl ketone, CH3C(O)CH=CH2 is the common example of unsaturated ketones. 3) Cyclic ketones Most of the ketones posses cyclic property. Formula for the simple class is (CH2) nCO . Cyclohexanone, is the example of cyclic ketone, which act as an important intermediate compound in the production of nylon.

8. KETONES

9. Structure of Ketones

10. Structure of  acetone , the simplest ketone .

11. Molecular Formula of Ketones C3H6O

12. Condensed Formula of Ketones CH3–C = O–CH3

13. Structural Formula of Ketones CH3–C = O–CH3

14. IUPAC NAME

15. IUPAC NAME

16. NAMING KETONES In the IUPAC system, ketones are identified by the suffix - one . To name an acyclic ketone using IUPAC rules: 1. Find the longest chain containing the carbonyl group, and change the -e ending of the parent alkane to the suffix -one . 2. Number the carbon With cyclic ketones, numbering always begins at the carbonyl carbon, but the “1” is usually omitted from the name. The ring is then numbered clockwise or counterclockwise to give the first substituent the lower number.

17. Most common names for ketones are formed by naming both alkyl groups on the carbonyl carbon, arranging them alphabetically, and adding the word ketone . Using this method, the common name for 2-butanone becomes ethyl methyl ketone.

18. NOMENCLATURE OF CYCLIC KETONES AND AROMATIC COMPOUNDS

19. NOMENCLATURE OF KETONES CONTAINING TWO DIFFERENT FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

20. Table shows the names and structures of the first eight members of the  homologous series of linear ketones in which a -carbonyl group is attached to the second carbon atom.

21. NAME THIS KETONE!

22. NAME THIS KETONE!

23. NAME THIS KETONE!