Keys of Identification for Indian Wood: A Seminar Report

Identifying Indian wood involves recognizing key characteristics such as grain patterns, color, texture, hardness, and specific anatomical features. These identification keys include observing the wood's pores, growth rings, and resin canals, as well as its scent and weight. Understanding these features is essential for accurate wood identification, which is crucial for various applications in carpentry, furniture making, and conservation.

Additionally, the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in wood identification has revolutionized this field. CNNs can analyze images of wood samples to identify species with high accuracy by learning and recognizing intricate patterns and features. This technological advancement not only enhances the precision of wood identification but also accelerates the process, making it more efficient for industry professionals and researchers alike.

1. Submitted To: Dr. Astha Bhatia (Associate Professor, GNDU) Submitted by: Gurjant Singh Class: M.Sc. Botany(III) Enrollment Number: 27202111753 Dated: 22 November 2022 Seminar Presentation on Keys of Identification for Indian wood GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY, AMRITSAR, PUNJAB DEPARTMENT OF BOTANICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

2. Topics to be covered: Introduction Back in Time (History) Need of Keys of Identification What are Keys of Identification Dichotomous Keys Polyclave Keys Computer Based Vision Wood Identification General Protocol of CV Imaging Case Study Conclusion

3. Introduction: A field of science (and major component of  systematics ) that encompasses description , identification , nomenclature , and classification OR The science of classification, in biology the arrangement of organisms into a classification Basic unit of Taxonomy is ‘ SPECIES ’ Parameter of Taxonomy is ‘ TAXA ' https://carnivorousplantresource.com/carnivorous-plant-taxonomy/

4. Back in time: The Swedish botanist  Carl Linnaeus   is regarded as the founder of the current system of taxonomy In 1758, he developed a ranked system known as Linnaean taxonomy for categorizing organisms and binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. In biology, taxonomy (from Ancient Greek τάξις (taxis) ‘arrangement’, and – νομί α (- nomia ) ‘method’).

5. Why there was need of Taxonomical keys? It helps to ascertain the number of living beings on Earth. More than one million of  species  of plants and animals have been discovered and classified so far. It aims to classify the living organisms. Millions of organisms are classified scientifically in categories, which helps to have a better understanding. It helps us to get an idea of the traits present in plants and animals. It gives an idea of the order of the physical development. It gives an idea of local fauna and flora, thus helping us to distinguish the endemic species. https://www.displayr.com/what-is-dendrogram/

6. What are Keys of identification? An identification key , also known as a taxonomic key, is  a useful tool for identifying unknown organisms . Keys are constructed so that the user is presented with relevant information in a structured form. It’s basically of two types in broad term: (a) Dichotomous Keys (b) Polyclave Keys (also called Multiple Access or Synoptic). https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Plantae

7. What are Dichotomous keys: A dichotomous key is an important scientific tool , used to identify different organisms, based the organism’s observable traits . The dichotomous key helps users determine the identification of Plants in the natural world visually . You will ask a series of questions where there are only 2 possible answers , and continue until you find your organism. Mainly of two types: Indented Keys Bracketed Keys https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/dkey/

8. What are Polyclave keys: POLYCLAVE KEYS are tools used to help identify unknown objects or species . The keys are generated using interactive computer programs. Polyclave keys use a process of elimination. The user is presented with a series of choices that describe features of the species they wish to identify. The advantage of these keys is that they allow the user to enter the key at any point and the user can chose the most obvious/ important characters of the specimen to identify. https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/dendrogram.html

9. Computer vision-based wood identifcation and it’s expansion and contribution potentials in wood science: In the field, wood identification is performed by observing macroscopic characteristics such as physical features , including color , figure , and luster , as well as microscopic anatomical structures in cross sections, including size and arrangement of vessels , axial parenchyma cells, and rays . Hwang. S and Sugiyama J. (2021). Computer based wood identifcation , BMC, Japan.

10. General workflow of conventional machine learning and deep learning models for image classification: Hwang. S and Sugiyama J. (2021). Computer based wood identifcation , BMC, Japan.

11. Deep learning (Features Extraction): Hwang. S and Sugiyama J. (2021). Computer based wood identifcation , BMC, Japan.

12. NEURAL CONVULTion and pooling: https://analyticsindiamag.com/comprehensive-guide-to-different-pooling-layers-in-deep-learning/

13. Algorithms and neural network: https://analyticsindiamag.com/comprehensive-guide-to-different-pooling-layers-in-deep-learning/

14. Case STUDY: Taxon-specific features based on keypoint clustering of a Fagaceae micrograph dataset with SIFT features. Keypoints (red dots) commonly occurred in both Quercus acutissima ( Cerris ) (a) and Q. phillyraeoides ( IIex ) (b). Figure copyright (Kobayashi et al.). Hwang. S and Sugiyama J. (2021). Computer based wood identifcation , BMC, Japan.

15. CONCLUSION: taxonomic key , is a useful tool for  identifying unknown organisms (Plants & Animals) . Keys are constructed so that the user is presented with relevant information in a structured form. Allow non-expert users to identify organisms by directing them to look at the known, important organisms. Knowing the characteristics of an individual or its entire population helps identify similarities and differences between individuals of the same kind or different types of organisms. But above all, advancements in computer vision key identifications technology has made this process of identifying the different types of wood plants not only in India but across the globe in an quite easy and efficient and is still evolving .

16. References : Carlquist S. (2013). Comparative wood anatomy: systematic, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of dicotyledon wood. Berlin: Springer. Pankhurst RJ. (1978). Biological identifcation : the principles and practice of Identifcation methods in biology. Baltimore: University Park Press. Brazier JD, Franklin GL. (1961). Identifcation of hardwoods: a microscope key. London: H M Stationery Office. Miller RB. (1989.) Wood identifcation via computer. IAWA Bull. 1:154–60. Gasson P.(2011). How precise can wood identifcation be? Wood anatomy’s role in support of the legal timber trade, especially CITES. IAWA J; 32(2):137–54.

17. From: GURJANT SINGH