Khadija Noor (BOTN51BF20R029) ecology.pptx

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1. Submitted to : Dr.M.Kabir Submitted by : Khadija Noor (BOTN51BF20R029) Subject : plant ecology-|| (Department of Biological sciences)

2. Contents Definition Mechanisms References

3. Somaclonal variation It is genetic or epigenetic changes that arise in vitro between clonal regeneratants and their corresponding donor plants These changes can be genetic or epigenetic Genetic (heritable variation) : pre-existing variation caused by mutations and other DNA changes Epigenetic (Non-heritable variations) : variations generated during tissue culture caused by temporary phenotypic changes

4. Mechanism underlying variations There are following mechanisms for variations Change in chromosome number Change in chromosome structure Gene Mutation Methylation Transposable element activation

5. Euploidy The whole set of chromosome changes May be add or loss of one complete set of chromosome Just number of chromosome changes Can be addition or loss of one number of chromosome Aneuploidy Change in chromosome number

6. https://support.google.com/legal/answer/3463239?hl=en-GB

7. Change in chromosome structure Change in chromosome structure may be Deletion Insertion Translocation Inversion Deletion : Any part of chromosome would be delete https://support.google.com/websearch/answer/9789430?visit_id=638370180727333241-2496383420&p=image_info&rd=1

8. Insertion : Addition of one or more nucleotide in DNA segment Insertion can be involve addition of any number of nucleotides or entire piece of chromosome Translocation : A piece of one chromosome break off and attaches to another chromosome It can be Simple (1 break involved) Reciprocal ( 2 breaks involved) Shift type (3 breaks involved) https://support.google.com/legal/answer/3463239?hl=en https://support.google.com/legal/answer/3463239?hl=en

9. Inversion : Any segment break off and reattaches within the same chromosome but in reverse orientation Duplication : Extra copies of chromosomal region are formed , resulting in different copy number of genes within that area of chromosome https://support.google.com/legal/answer/3463239?hl=en-GB https://support.google.com/legal/answer/3463239?hl=en-GB

10. Gene mutation It occur during cell division in which nucleotides sequence change It may be two types Transition : A point mutation in which One base is replaced by another Of same class ( Purine or pyrimidine) Transversion : A point mutation in which a purine is replaced by pyrimidine https://support.google.com/legal/answer/3463239?hl=en-GB

11. Methylation DNA methylation is biological process by which methyl groups are added to DNA molecule It can change the activity of DNA segment without changing the sequence https://support.google.com/legal/answer/3463239?hl=en-GB

12. Transposable elements Transposable elements (jumping genes) are mobile DNA segments that can move around the genome and get inserted into coding regions and modify gene expression https://support.google.com/legal/answer/3463239?hl=en-GB

13. References John H.Doddh and Lorin W.Roberts.1985 Experiment in plant tissue culture second edition.University of Cambridge Sant Saran Bojwani, Prem Kumar Dantu.2013. Plant Tissue Culture;An introductory Text https://www.plantcelltechnology.com https://link.springer.com