Khaira and Black tip

A short presentation on black tip of mango and khaira disease.
Location: IAAS, Paklihawa
Presented to: Mr. Rajan Poudel by our classmates

1. Black tip of Mango and khaira disease of rice Submitted by: Prashant Chaudhary Niraj Khanal Niraj Shirvastav Prabesh Koirala Prabin Gaudel

2. Black tip of mango

3. Introduction Physiological disorder Mostly seen in Dasheri variety from Lukhnow Found when orchard’s near kilns Peculiar to India (Singh, R.S. 1978. Plant Diseases. Oxford & IBH publishing CO.)

4. Symptoms Necrotic distal tips Tips turn brown to black Scaly sunken tips with soft, decaying interior flesh oozing dark liquid

5. Causes: Fumes from kilns containing which contains toxic gases like CO 2 ,SO 2 , Ethylene etc Association with borax deficiency in sandy conditions (Das Gupta and Sen,1960) and fluorine toxicity around kiln vicinity ( C,Zhang , H, Huang and Y. Kuang,1995) dipping fruits in fluorine concentration turned appearance similar to BT of mango. In analysis, double concentration of F was seen in fruits and as high as six times in leaves. The difference is cause of pericarp protective function.

6. Management Spraying Borax (1%), Caustic soda (0.8%) and washing soda (0.5%) thrice in a season starting from pea stage in 15 days interval Kilns of 15-18 m height and orchards approx. 5-6 km away from those kilns Orchard orientation = N-S direction Covering plants with cellophane bags (how to use and why to use so?) Legislative measures ( kiln height, kiln restriction area etc )

7. Khaira Disease

8. Introduction Nutrient Deficient Disorder Y.L Nene first recognize from field of UP (1966) Hadda (west pakistan )- similar case (1967)

9. Symptoms Firstly intervienal chlorosis Yellow and white streaks at base of leaves Lower leaves small brown/bronze/tan color spots Root growth restricted Spots coalesce with each other and forms entire surface bronze

10. Causes Increased PH following flooding results zinc deficiency Intensive Cultivation (High NPK ) Prominent in laterate soil and coarse textured soil

11. Management Dressing of Sprouted 1% zinc oxide Root dipping with 2% ZnO for 1-2 minutes ZnSO4 25-30 kg/ha as soil application ( Adhikari , 2017) 5kg ZnsO4 + 2.5 kg slaked lime + 1000 liter water First Spray after – 10 DAS in nursery Second Spray after – 20 DAS in nursery Third spray after – 15-30 DAP

12. Thank You deficiency!