KINDS OF MEMORY IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION.pptx

Second Language Acquisition

1. KINDS OF MEMORY Memory is a complex process that involves the storage and retrieval of information. It is essential for learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. There are different types of memory, each with its own characteristics and functions. by Suliana bt Wan Chik * UPI

2. KINDS OF MEMORY 1 Short term memory The memory used for keeping information for periods of time up to a few seconds. Holds only a few units of information at a time. Acts as a ‘clearing house’ for the input as well as information generated through various cognitive operations. When a process is automatic, there are few traces of its operations in short term memory. 2 Working memory Used for processing information while the mind works on various tasks. To keep the information from fading, it must be constantly repeated. The continual repetition is called the _**articulatory loop.**_ Whatever you want are trying to remember circulates round this loop. 3 Declarative memory The memory of facts and events that can be consciously recalled. It is also known as explicit memory. Declarative memory can be further divided into episodic memory and semantic memory. 4 Episodic and semantic memory Episodic memory is the memory of personal experiences, while semantic memory is the memory of general knowledge about the world.

3. KINDS OF MEMORY 1 The role of memory in IP Information is stored in several memories, each having different capacities and accessing characteristics. Information recently acquired is stored in short-term memory (STM) and available for further processing. 2 Limited capacity of STM Due to the limited capacity of STM, only the most recently heeded information is accessible directly. Before information is lost from STM, a portion is transferred to (fixated in) the long-term memory (LTM). 3 Processing new information New information is processed when there is a link with old information in LTM. This is accomplished through intermediate steps. Processing occurs either automatically or through a number of cognitively controlled stages. In automatic processing, STM is not needed.

4. KINDS OF MEMORY Different theories about memory There are different theories about memory to explain the processes that occur at different stages of information processing. Information is stored in several memories, each having different capacities and accessing characteristics.

5. Short term memory Limited capacity Has a limited capacity. The memory used for keeping information for periods of time up to a few seconds. Holds only a few units of information at a time. Clearing house Acts as a ‘clearing house’ for the input as well as information generated through various cognitive operations. When a process is automatic, there are few traces of its operations in short term memory.

6. Short term memory Perception of new input Perception of new input is carried out while knowledge from long term memory is transferred to act on the new information. Automatic processes When a process is automatic, there are few traces of its operations in STM. Controlled processes On the other hand, controlled processes which require several intermediate steps are carried out within it.

7. Working memory Central executive Consists of central executive which controls how information is passed around the memory system in the mind. Articulatory loop To keep the information from fading, it must be constantly repeated. The continual repetition is called the _**articulatory loop.**_ Whatever you want are trying to remember circulates round this loop. Phonological store Used for processing information while the mind works on various tasks.

8. Working memory Speed of articulation The speed with which information travels round the loop governs how much can be remembered. The faster a person can repeat things the more they can remember. Memory span Memory span is restricted by speed of articulation. Fast speakers have better spans than slow speakers, everything else being equal. Pronunciation and language use Working memory is not therefore an independent part of the mind but is related to pronunciation and to language use.

9. Articulatory loop theory Central executive Controls how information is passed around the memory system in the mind. Phonological store Used for processing information while the mind works on various tasks. Articulatory loop To keep the information from fading, it must be constantly repeated. The continual repetition is called the _**articulatory loop.**_ Whatever you want are trying to remember circulates round this loop.

10. Working memory 1 Everyday performance Working memory is involved in everyday performance in second language use and in the classroom. 2 Syntactic structures Different syntactic structures place different demands on the memory processes. 3 Passive sentences Badley (1986) showed that passive sentences take longer to understand than active sentences and that they use up more space in working memory. 4 Pronunciation Working memory theory sees pronunciation as vital to language processing. If we cant say the sounds quickly, our STM will be restricted and we will face severe difficulties with the processing of language.