Kinetic theory (a)

1. Kinetic Theory Solids, liquids and gases

2. States of matter Remember, all substances are made up of tiny particles that are moving. The arrangement of these particles and the way that they are moving determine the properties of the material. The states of matter are: Solid Liquid Gas

3. Solids Fixed shape. Fixed volume. High density. Will not flow. Particles in a solid vibrate about a fixed position. The more energy, (heat) in the solid, the faster these particles vibrate.

4. Liquids No fixed shape. Fixed volume. Less dense than solids. Will flow. Particles in a liquid can move more freely around each other. As the liquids is heated, the movement becomes more energetic.

5. No fixed shape. No fixed volume. Very low density, (allows them to be compressed). Will flow. Particles of gas are moving around randomly all the time. Collisions between the particles and their container causes pressure. Gases

6. Changes of state Solid Liquid Gas Melting Evaporation Freezing Condensation Sublimation

7. Changes of state As we heat solids the particles start to vibrate more – they gain kinetic energy. We notice the increase in kinetic energy of the particles as an increase in temperature. If the particles are moving rapidly enough, then the solid will melt.

8. Changes of state As we heat liquids the movement of the particles becomes even more energetic. If the particles move fast enough then they can break the attractive forces between the particles and move independently. The liquid evaporates to form a gas.

9. Brownian motion Named after the botanist Robert Brown (1773-1858). Observed pollen grains moving randomly in water. Thought it might be due to a “life force” in the pollen. However, also observed the movement in non-living particles. Similar effect can be seen in gases.

10. Brownian motion Brownian motion was not explained until Particle Theory was developed. Particles in liquids and gases are constantly moving and bump into other particles, such as pollen grains. This causes the random movements of the grain that was observed. A good example is the movement of smoke particles in air.

11. Brownian motion

12. Kinetic Theory What can you remember?

13. States of matter Remember, all substances are made up of tiny particles that are moving. The arrangement of these particles and the way that they are moving determine the properties of the material. The states of matter are: Solid Liquid Gas substances particles arrangement moving Solid Liquid Gas

14. Solids Fixed shape. Fixed High density. Will not flow. Particles in a solid vibrate about a fixed position. The more energy, ( heat ) in the solid, the faster these particles vibrate. shape. volume. density. flow. vibrate position. heat faster

15. Liquids No fixed shape. Fixed volume. Less dense than solids. Will flow. Particles in a liquid can move more freely around each other. As the liquids is heated, the movement becomes more energetic. shape. volume. dense solids. flow. freely heated, energetic.

16. No fixed shape. No fixed volume. Very low density, (allows them to be compressed ). Will flow. Particles of gas are moving around randomly all the time. Collisions between the particles and their container causes pressure. Gases shape. volume. density, compressed flow. randomly Collisions pressure.

17. Changes of state Solid Liquid Gas Melting Evaporation Freezing Condensation Sublimation

18. Changes of state As we heat solids the particles start to vibrate more – they gain kinetic energy. We notice the increase in kinetic energy of the particles as an increase in temperature. If the particles are moving rapidly enough, then the solid will melt. heat vibrate kinetic energy temperature. particles melt.

19. Changes of state As we heat liquids the movement of the particles becomes even more energetic. If the particles move fast enough then they can break the attractive forces between the particles and move independently. The liquid evaporates to form a gas. heat movement energetic. particles attractive independently. evaporates gas.

20. Brownian motion Named after the botanist Robert Brown (1773-1858). Observed pollen grains moving randomly in water. Thought it might be due to a “life force” in the pollen. However, also observed the movement in non-living particles. Similar effect can be seen in gases. Robert Brown pollen randomly “life force” non-living gases.

21. Brownian motion Brownian motion was not explained until Particle Theory was developed. Particles in liquids and gases are constantly moving and bump into other particles, such as pollen grains. This causes the random movements of the grain that was observed. A good example is the movement of smoke particles in air. Particle Theory moving particles, random smoke particles

22. Brownian motion