Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptalia

In order for us to understand how all living organisms are related, they are arranged into different groups. The more features that a group of animals share, the more specific the group is. Animals are given scientific names so that people all around the world can communicate about animals, no matter what language they speak (these names are traditionally Latin words). Animals belong to a number of different groups, starting with the animal kingdom.
Kingdom
All living organisms are first placed into different kingdoms. There are five different kingdoms to classify life on Earth, which are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Bacteria, and Protists (single-celled organisms).
Phylum
The animal kingdom is divided into 40 smaller groups, known as phylum. Here, animals are grouped by their main features. Animals usually fall into one of five different phylum which are Cnidaria (invertebrates), Chordata (vertebrates), Arthropods, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Class
The phylum group is then divided into even smaller groups, known as classes. The Chordata (vertebrates) phylum splits up into Mammalia (Mammals), Actinopterygii (Bony Fish), Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) , Aves (Birds), Amphibia (Amphibians) and Reptilia (Reptiles).
Order
Each class is divided into small groups again, known as orders. The class Mammalia (Mammals), splits into different groups including Carnivora, Primate, Artiodactyla and Rodentia.
Family
In every order, there are different families of animals which all have very similar features. The Carnivora order breaks into families that include Felidae (Cats), Canidae (Dogs), Ursidae (Bears), and Mustelidae (Weasels).
Genus
Every animal family is then divided into small groups known as genus. Each genus contains animals that have very similar features and are closely related. For example, the Felidae (Cat) family contains genus including Felis (small Cats and domestic Cats), Panthera (Tigers, Leopards, Jaguars and Lions) and Puma (Panthers and Cougars).
Species
Each individual species within the genus is named after it's individual features and characteristics. The names of animals are in Latin so that they can be understood worldwide, and consist of two words. The first word in the name of an animal will be the genus, and the second name indicates the specific species.
Example 1 - Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia (Animal)
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrate)
Class: Mammalia (Mammal)
Order: Carnivora (Carnivore)
Family: Felidae (Cat)
Genus: Panthera
Species: Panthera tigris (Tiger)

1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA PHYLUM CHORDATA CLASS REPTALIA SITTIE AINA SARIP PAGADOR December 9, 2015

2. Objectives: To define what is reptilian To explain how the reptilian arise To show the phylogeny of the reprilia To understand their characteristics To explain their morphology and physiology Familiarize the different types of reptilia

3. comprising today's turtles , crocodilians , snakes , lizards , tuatara , and their extinct relatives. are tetrapod vertebrates , creatures that either have four limbs or, like snakes, are descended from four-limbed ancestors The earliest known proto-reptiles originated around 315 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. REPTILIA

4. Features of Class REPTILIA Body varied in shape, covered with horny epidermal scales or scutes Paired limbs, usually with five toes with claws Respiration by lungs. Three-chambered heart, except in crocodiles which have four-chambered heart.

5. Metanephric kidney; uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste. Ectothermic animals. Nervous system with primitive brain, spinal cord dominant. Sexes separate; fertilization internal. Eggs covered with calcareous or leathery shells. Skeleton well ossified; ribs with sternum except in snakes, forming a complete thoracic basket; skull with single occipital condyle.

6. REPTILES HISTORY

7. Linnaeus and the 18th century was the first to formally use the term " Reptilia " for an expanded selection of reptiles and amphibians basically similar to that of Linnaeus. Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti

8. Antediluvian monsters a Mosasaurus discovered in a Maastricht limestone quarry, 1770 (contemporary engraving ).

9. Pierre André Latreille E rected the class Batracia (1825) for the latter, dividing the tetrapods into the four familiar classes of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Thomas Henry Huxley and Richard Owen He subsequently proposed the names of Sauropsida and Ichthyopsida .

10. In 1866, Haeckel demonstrated that vertebrates could be divided based on their reproductive strategies , and that reptiles, birds, and mammals were united by the amniotic egg. Haeckel E.S. Goodrich In 1916 " Sauropsida " ("lizard faces") and " Theropsida " ("beast faces") were used again. distinguish between lizards, birds, and their relatives on the one hand ( Sauropsida ) and mammals and their extinct relatives ( Theropsida ).

11. EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

12. The origin of the reptiles lies about 310–320 million years ago, in the steaming swamps of the late Carboniferous period, when the first reptiles evolved from advanced reptiliomorphs . The oldest known animal that may have been an amniote is Casineria . Mesozoic scene showing typical reptilian megafauna : dinosaurs including Europasaurus holgeri , iguanodonts and Archaeopteryx lithographica perched on the foreground tree stump.

13. RISE OF THE REPTILES The earliest amniotes, including stem-reptiles (those amniotes closer to modern reptiles than to mammals), were largely overshadowed by larger stem- tetrapods such as Cochleosaurus , and remained a small, inconspicuous part of the fauna until the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse . From this point forward, reptiles dominated communities and had a greater diversity than primitive tetrapods , setting the stage for the Mesozoic (known as the Age of Reptiles ). One of the best known early stem-reptiles is Mesosaurus , a genus from the early Permian that had returned to water, feeding on fish .

14. ANAPSID, SYNAPSID, AND DIAPSID

15. PERMIAN REPTILES Early in the period, the modern reptiles, or crown-group reptiles , evolved and split into two main lineages: the Archosauromorpha (forebears of turtles , crocodiles , and dinosaurs ) and the Lepidosauromorpha (predecessors of modern lizards and tuataras ). Both groups remained lizard-like and relatively small and inconspicuous during the Permian .

16. MESOZOIC ERA Most of the earlier parareptile and synapsid megafauna disappeared, being replaced by the true reptiles particularly archosauromorphs , The archosaurs became the dominant group during this period , P opularly known as the "Age of Reptiles"

17. CENOZOIC ERA Varanus P riscus After the extinction of most archosaur and marine reptile lines by the end of the Cretaceous, reptile diversification continued throughout the Cenozoic, with squamates undergoing a greater radiation than they did in the Mesozoic. Today, squamates make up the majority of living reptiles a pproximately 10,000 extant species of traditional reptiles are known, with birds adding about 10,000 more, almost twice the number of mammals, represented by about 5,700 living species.

18. REPTILES PHYLOGENY

19. The Three Reptiles Characteristics Amniotic eggs - Amphibians ’ eggs must be laid in water or a moist setting to avoid drying out. Most reptiles lay watertight eggs that contain a food source (the yolk) and a series of four membranes: the yolk sac, the amnion, the allantois, and the chorion . Each membrane plays a role in making the egg an independent life- support system. All modern reptiles, as well as birds and mammals, show exactly this same pattern of membranes within the egg. These three classes are called amniotes.

20. Dry skin - Most living amphibians have moist skin and must remain in moist places to avoid drying out. Reptiles have dry, watertight skin. A layer of scales covers their bodies, preventing water loss. These scales develop as surface cells fill with keratin, the same protein that forms claws, fingernails , hair, and bird feathers. Thoracic breathing - Amphibians breathe by squeezing their throat to pump air into their lungs; this limits their breathing capacity to the volume of their mouths. Reptiles developed pulmonary breathing, expanding and contracting the rib cage to suck air into the lungs and then force it out. The capacity of this system is limited only by the volume of the lungs.

21. MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

22. SquamateS and turtles have a three-chambered heart consisting of two atria, one variably partitioned ventricle, and two aortas that lead to the systemic circulation. Crocodilians have an anatomically four-chambered heart , similar to birds, but also have two systemic aortas and are therefore capable of bypassing only their pulmonary circulation . CIRCULATION

23. RESPIRATION Breathing during locomotion has been studied in three species, and they show different patterns. Adult female green sea turtles do not breathe as they crutch along their nesting beaches. They hold their breath during terrestrial locomotion and breathe in bouts as they rest. Box turtles have also been observed to breathe while completely sealed up inside their shells. Red-eared Slider

24. SKIN Reptilian skin is covered in a horny epidermis , making it watertight and enabling reptiles to live on dry land, in contrast to amphibians. Compared to mammalian skin, that of reptiles is rather thin and lacks the thick dermal layer that produces leather in mammals . Exposed parts of reptiles are protected by scales or scutes , sometimes with a bony base, forming armor .

25. Excretion is performed mainly by two small kidneys . In diapsids , uric acid is the main nitrogenous waste product; turtles, like mammals , excrete mainly urea . Unlike the kidneys of mammals and birds, reptile kidneys are unable to produce liquid urine more concentrated than their body fluid. This is because they lack a specialized structure called a loop of Henle , which is present in the nephrons of birds and mammals. Because of this, many reptiles use the colon to aid in the reabsorption of water. Some are also able to take up water stored in the bladder . Excess salts are also excreted by nasal and lingual salt glands in some reptiles. EXCRETION

26. Defense mechanisms Many small reptiles, such as snakes and lizards that live on the ground or in the water, are vulnerable to being preyed on by all kinds of carnivorous animals. Thus avoidance is the most common form of defense in reptiles. At the first sign of danger, most snakes and lizards crawl away into the undergrowth, and turtles and crocodiles will plunge into water and sink out of sight.

27. CAMOUFLAGE AND WARNING Reptiles tend to avoid confrontation through camouflage . Two major groups of reptile predators are birds and other reptiles Thus the skins of many reptiles have cryptic colouration of plain or mottled gray, green, and brown to allow them to blend into the background of their natural environment . A camouflaged Phelsuma deubia on a palm frond

28. Modern reptiles belong to four groups The order Chelonia consists of about 250 species of turtles (most of which are aquatic) and tortoises (which are terrestrial ). Turtles and tortoises lack teeth but have sharp beaks.

29. Today, the order Rhynchocephalia contains only two species of tuataras , large, lizard-like animals about half a meter long. An unusual feature of the tuatara (and some lizards) is the inconspicuous “third eye” on the top of its head, called a parietal eye .

30. The order Squamata (figure 35.24 c ) includes 3800 species of lizards and about 3000 species of snakes. T he lack of limbs, movable eyelids, and external ears, as well as a great number of vertebrae The ability to lose their tails and then regenerate a new one .

31. Crocodiles are largely nocturnal animals that live in or near water in tropical or subtropical regions All crocodilians are carnivores. In many ways, crocodiles resemble birds far more than they do other living reptiles.

32. Typical Reptiles A typical small lizard Coast Garter Snake - Thamnophis elegans terrestris

33. A Green Sea Turtle - Chelonia mydas American alligator – Alligator mississippiensis

34. Marine iguana - Amblyrhynchus cristatus Thorny Devil - Moloch horridus

35. A Tokay Gecko - Gekko gecko Giant Galapagos tortoise - Saddleback Geochelone nigra

36. Yemen Chameleon - Chamaeleo calyptratus

37. Reptiles in Human C ulture In Hindu mythology , God Vishnu took the form of a turtle, Kurma . A snake is playing a prominent role in the biblical story of Genesis . Turtles have also served as food for millennia, as have other reptiles. Snake bite causes the death of an estimated 100,000 people annually . By contrast, reptiles have also been used as medicine, especially in China . Finally, human impact has threatened many reptile species with extinction.

38. REFERENCE: Reptiles/Phylum Chordata.htm Reptiles/PsychJourn.htm Reptiles/Classification of Reptilia.htm Reptiles/Darwin.htm Mason Raven and Johnson Biology 9 th Edition Campbell Biology 9 th Edition

39. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!