KINGDOM PLANTAE FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom plantae of five kingdom classification

1. VIVEKANANDHA ARTS AND SCIENCE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN Veerachipalayam - 637 303, Sankagiri , Salem Dt., Tamil Nadu India. Affiliated to Periyar University, Salem ; Recognised Under Section 2(f) & 12(B) of the UGC Act, 1956 ) SUBJECT INCHARGE: Dr.R.Mythili , Assitant professer Head of the Department, Department of M icrobiology . DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY TITLE: KINGDOM PLANTAE SUBMITTED BY: V.G.Monika lakshmi , III B.Sc . .Microbiology, Department of Microbiology .

2. FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION INTRODUCTION: Its classified from the five kingdom system of classification, that was proposed by R.H.WHITTAKER (1969), advocated the a five kingdom system of classification in which the whole living world has been classified into following five kingdoms. Kingdom monera , ( prokaryotic bacteria and blue green algae) kingdom protista , (unicellular eukaryotic organisms) kingdom fungi, ( multicellular fungi) kingdom plantae , (all multicellular green plants and alagae ) kingdom animalia . (all multicellular animals)

3. KINGDOM PLANTAE DEFINITION: Plantae is the plant kingdom that contains all plant on the earth. They are multicellular eukaryotes . Charcterisitically , they contain a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane known as cell wall. Plants also have a green colored pigment known as chlorophyll that is quite vital for photosysnthesis

4. SALIENT FEATURES OF KINGDOM PLANTAE These organisms are autotrophs , that is they manufacture their own food in the presence of sunlight, water,carbon di oxide, with the help of chlorophyll by photosynthesis cells have a large central vacule and a rigid cell wall composed of cellulose. Mode of nutrition is autotropic . The reserve food material is starch and fat. The plants are mostly non-motile, being anchored to the substratum. A few froms are free floating in fresh or sea water. Growth of plants is indefinite and new organs are continuously added throughout life. Plants are producers of food in the biosphere

5. CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM PLANTAE: kingdom plantae is further classified as THALLOPHTA GYMNOSPERMS ANGIOSPERMS BRYOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA

6. THALLOPHYTA DEFINITON: They are aquatic,may be marine. Examples GREENALGAE: ulva,spirogyra,chara,ulothrix,acetobularia , volvox,chlamydomonas,cladophora BROWN ALGAE : fucus,sargassum,lamminaria RED ALGAE : polysiphophonia,gelidium,gracilaria

7. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF GREEN,RED,BROWN ALGAE

8. SALIENT FEATURES OF THALLAPHTA The plants in this group a re commonly called algae.most primitive and simple plants they do not posses vascular system. Plant body is not differentiated into stem, roots and leaves. The whole plant body remains in the form of an unidivided mass of cells called thallus so called thallophyta . Most algae are aquatic both fresh water and marine.some are terrestial inhibiting moist places. They exhibit autotropuc mode of nutrion hence they synthesis their own food known as photoautotrophs The cell wall is made up of cellulose. Reserve food in the form of starch.

9. . some algae algae they grouped in red,green,brown and then clasified as green algae,red algae,brown algae,.. Some of algae like chalmydomonas are unicellular,while some are colonial ( volvox ),filamentous unbranched ( spirigyra,ulothrix,oedogonium ),filamentous branched chara , cladophora ) or with large thallus . The mode of reproduction is usually asexual but sexual reprodution also occur in some forms. The content of reproductive sytem are completley converted into spore or gametes.these are simple single celled. Fertilization are not followed by embryo formation Algae the source of about 50% of the total organic matter on earth

10. USEFUL ACTIVITES OF ALGAE ALGAE AS FOOD: algae is important source of food for aquatic animal and other mammals including man. Eg chlorella is protein rich content. Spirulina is richest source of protien . ALGAER AS FODDER: many sea weed is used as fodder sheep,cattle,poutry . ALGAE IN INDUSTRY : agar-agar its used in culture media prepared from red algae like gelidium and gracilaria and other minerals and elements are also included. ALGAE IN AGRICULTURE: its used for nitrogen fixation,soil relcaimation,fertilization,manures . ALGAE IN SEWAGE DISPOSAL: the photosynthetic activity of algae produce oxygen which is used by bateria for sewage decompostion .

11. SOME EXAMPLES OF ALGAE GREEN ALGAE RED ALGAE BROWN ALGAE

12. HARMFUL ACTIVITES OF ALGAE TOXICITY: some algae produce toxins which cause death to aquatic animals DAMAGE: some algae grow on walls of historical builidings and monuments and spoil them. OTHER EFFECTS: algal growth on ponds,pools and lakes cause the loss of asthetic and fishing values .many algae change the taste and colour of water and produce foul odour .

13. BRYOPHYTA DEFINITION: A division of small flowerless green plants which comprises the mosses and liverworts. They lack true roots and reproduce by spores released from stalked capsule. SALIENT FEATURES OF BRYOPHYTA: Bryophytes are perhaps the first terrestrial plants having autotropic mode of nutrition They are small,multicellular green plants which inhabit shady damp places. Some bryophytes have a flat green thalloid body (liverworts and hornworts) while other likemossess have a body which is differentiated into stem, leaves and rhizoids. Rhizoids are root like structures

14. SOME EXAMPLES OF BRYOPHYTA

15. Proper roots and flowers are absent. Nthey are non-vascular plants ie.,xylem and phloem are absent. Sex organs are multiceluar . Male sexx organs are antheridia and female sex organs are archegonia Water is requires for fertilization,so bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom. EXAMPLE: Mosses – Funaria,sphagum Liverworts – Riccia,marchantia Hornworts – Anthoceros,Notothylas

16. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF SOME BRYOPHTES Marchantia Funaria Riccia Anthoceras

17. PTERIDOPHYTA DEFINITION: A division of flowerless green plants that comprises the ferns and their relatives. SALIENT FEATURES OF PTERIDOPHYTA: Pteridophytes are the first territial,vascular plants. The plants are sporophytes (diploid) and made up of true roots,true stem, and true leaves. All the plant possess vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) organized in definite steles. Reproduction occurs by spores produced inside the sporangia.sporangia may be produced in groups to form sori.sori are born on leaves called sporophyllus . Sporangia may be homosporous (one type of spores) or may be heterosporous (produce two types) smaller microspores and larger megaspores in sepertaesporangia .

18. SOME EXAMPLES OF PTERIDOPHYTA

19. . Sex organs are multicellular and jacketed. The male sex organs are antheridia and female sex organs are archegonia. Flowers and seeds are not produced. A thin film of water is required for swimming of male gamates to reach to archegonia. The fertilized egg develops into embryo. EXAMPLES: Horstails – Equisteum Ferns - Marsilea , Azolla,Pteris Club mosses – Lycopodium , Selaginella

20. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF SOME PTRIDOPHYTA AZOLLA LYCOPODIUM PTERIS

21. GYMNOSPERMS DEFINITION : Gymnosperm, any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed or ovule- unlike angiosperms or flowering plants, whose seeds are enclosed by mature ovaries or fruits. The seed of many gynosperms are naked seeds are borne in cones and are not visible until maturity. SALIENT FEATURES OF GYMNOSPERMS: Gymnosperms consist of evergreen, woody shrubs and trees. Its mostly large sized sporophytic plants differentiatedinto roots and stem and leaves.

22. . The roots are generally tap roots, but coralloid roots (roots with algae) and mycorrhizic roots (roots with fungi)are known some genera ( cycas , pinus ) The stem are erect,aerial,branched ( pinus ) or unbranched ( cycas ). The leaves are two types (dimorphic).They are microphyllous and megaphyllus . the male spores are called microspores. They produce inside the microsporangia Pollination is anemophilus i.e., wind pollination Female gamotophyte is called as endosperm. The dnosperm is haploid and is pre fertilization tissue

23. . EXAMPLE: Conifers – pines, firs,deodar,ginkgo cycades – cycas UNDER MICROSCOPE CYCAS PINES

24. ANGIOSPERM DEFINITION: Angiosperms ( in greek , angioon -vessel; sperma -seed) include flowering plants in which the sees are enclosed in fruits. SALIENT FEATURES OF ANGIOSPERMS: These are usually terrestrial and sporophytic . It includes those vascular plants which produce flower. The flowers bear stamens and carpels . on the basis conists of monocotyledons (with single cotyledon) eg ; wheat,rice ., Dicotyledons (with double cotyledon) eg;pea,gram .,

25. MICROSCOPIC VIEW RICE : PEA: WHEAT :

26. THANK YOU !