Kingdom Protista: Characteristics, Classification, Habitats and Examples.pptx

Characteristics, Classification, Habitats and Examples of Kingdom Protists

1. PROTISTS

2. Contents Characteristics of Protists Classification of Protists Compare the characteristics The role of Protists

3. Characteristics of Protists Unicellular or Multicellular Eukaryote Some have cell wall, some doesn’t have cell wall Photoautotroph or heterotroph Live freely or symbiotic Sexual reproduction (conjugation) or asexual (binary fission)

4. Fungus-like Protists Have structure to produce spore Heterotrophic Parasitic Act as decomposer : produce enzymes that break down or convert organic materials from dead organisms and absorb them in the form of inorganic materials. Classification of Protists

5. Fungus-like Protists : Oomycota (Water Molds) Classification of Protists Saprolegnia (parasitic water fungus) that attaches to aquatic organism Plasmopora viticola attacks grapes Asexually by forming sporangium at the tip of their hyphae, it will be filled by flagellated spores (zoospores) that will be released when they are mature and grow into mycelium. Sexual by the meeting of male and female gametes (that are produced by differentiated hyphae). Male gamete produce antheridium while female gamete produce oogonium.

6. Fungus-like Protists : Myxomycota (Slime Molds) Classification of Protists Dictyostelium discoideum All slime molds produce free living cells called amoeboid because of their resemblance to Amoeba. Like the real amoeba, slime molds are phagocytic predators because slime molds can ingest bacteria, pets, spores, and other organic components. During time of low food availability, hungry cells combine themselves together to forms a slimy mass and migrates to a new favorable environment.

7. Fungus-like Protists : Myxomycota (Slime Molds) Classification of Protists Life Cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum

8. Animal-like Protists : Protozoan (Greek, Proto : first, Zoa : animals) Classification of Protists Size and shapes Microscopic 10-200 microns Some are fixed shape, some are changeable Short motion appendage : pseudopodia (fake food), cilia (short hair), flagella (whip hair) Some have a protective shell Body Characteristics Food digestion process in Paramecium

9. Animal-like Protists : Protozoan (Greek, Proto : first, Zoa : animals) Classification of Protists Lifestyle Heterotrophic They prey on bacteria and organic waste. Body Characteristics Habitat Solitary or form colonies Found in ocean, fresh water: gutters, ponds or river, soil, inside living organisms. Reproduction Asexually : binary fission started by karyokinesis (nuclear division) followed by cytokinesis (cytoplasm division). Sexual reproduction by the union of vegetative nuclear is called conjugation. Form cyst (inactive form) in unfavorable conditions such as drought. A cyst is covered by polysaccharide.

10. Animal-like Protists : Protozoan (Greek, Proto : first, Zoa : animals) Classification of Protists Based on their method of motility, Protozoa grouped into: 1 . Rhizopoda ( Sarcodina ) ( rhizo = root, podos = foot) Move by way of cytoplasmic extensions that forms pseudopods (fake foot). Some have an outer shell (made from silica or calcium carbonate) : Globigerina and some don’t have : Amoeba proteus . There are 2 type of cytoplasm : Ectoplasm and endoplasm During feeding, a pseudopod surround their prey and forms a food vacuole and then digested inside.

11. Animal-like Protists : Protozoan (Greek, Proto : first, Zoa : animals) Classification of Protists Based on their method of motility, Protozoa grouped into: Rhizopoda ( Sarcodina ) ( rhizo = root, podos = foot) Reproduce asexually by binary fission. Form cyst. Ex : Amoeba proteus (soil), Difflugia (fresh water), Globigerina (sea water), Entamoeba hystolytica ( gumtooth problem) and Entamoeba gingivalis (dysentery) Entamoeba gingivalis

12. Animal-like Protists : Protozoan (Greek, Proto : first, Zoa : animals) Classification of Protists Based on their method of motility, Protozoa grouped into: Ciliata ( Ciliophora /Infusoria) (cilia = small hair, phora = movement, infuse = to pour) is found on sewage water Cilia are found in the surface of the cell or just on particular part. Cilia helps to collect food; they move food to their cytostome (mouth) – cytopharynx (throat) – cytoplasm – food vacuole. They have 2 nucleuses, macro and micronucleus. Macronucleus : vegetative function – growth and cell division. Micronucleus : reproductive function – conjugation. Have trichocytes for defense against enemies /predators. Asexual : binary fission. Sexual : conjugation.

13. Animal-like Protists : Protozoan (Greek, Proto : first, Zoa : animals) Classification of Protists Based on their method of motility, Protozoa grouped into: Ciliata ( Ciliophora /Infusoria) (cilia = small hair, phora = movement, infuse = to pour) is found on sewage water Ex : Paramecium caudatum, Didinium , Stentor, Balantidium coli, Vorticella

14. Animal-like Protists : Protozoan (Greek, Proto : first, Zoa : animals) Classification of Protists Based on their method of motility, Protozoa grouped into: 3. Flagellata / Mastigosphora ( flagel = whip, phora = motion,) Move by flagellum or whiptail. Most have 2 flagella, can be posterior or anterior. Asexually : binary fission Ex: Trypanosoma Trychonympha campanula : a symbiotic flagellate, lives inside the intestines of termites and wood cockroaches, it helps termite or cockroaches to digest wooden materials. Trypanosoma brucei : sleeping sickness in Africa Trypanosoma evansi : animal surra disease Trichomonas vaginalis : human genital tract diseases Leishmania : Kala-azar disease that destroy human blood cells.

15. Classification of Protists 3. Flagellata / Mastigosphora ( flagel = whip, phora = motion,) Trypanosoma and Leishmania are carried by blood sucking flies such as tsetse fly as a vector of sleeping sickness. The disease destroys the central nervous system and blood veins so that the infected person suffers impaired speech, trouble walking and needs to sleep continuously and eventually dies. Trypanosoma brucei in human blood Tsetse fly

16. Animal-like Protists : Protozoan (Greek, Proto : first, Zoa : animals) Classification of Protists Based on their method of motility, Protozoa grouped into: 4. Sporozoa (Apicomplexa (spore = seed, zoa = animal) Have a spore-like form in one stage of their life cycle Doesn’t have motility structure All parasite in human and animals Asexual : binary fission, Sexual : gamete formation Example: Toxoplasma gondii : cause toxoplasmosis – enters human body through contaminated food such as meat infected with Toxoplasma cysts that comes from cat feces. It is harmful especially to pregnant woman for it can kill embryo or deform the baby. Plasmodium : cause malaria – enters human body by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. Inside the body, Plasmodium attack liver cells and red blood cells.

17. Animal-like Protists : Protozoan (Greek, Proto : first, Zoa : animals) Classification of Protists Based on their method of motility, Protozoa grouped into: 4. Sporozoa (Apicomplexa (spore = seed, zoa = animal) 4 Species of Plasmodium : Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale : Malaria tertiana Plasmodium malariae : Malaria kuartana Plasmodium falciparum : most dangerous Malaria tropicana Female Anopheles

18. Roles of Protozoa in Human Life Zooplankton and Benthos are food sources for aquatic animals. Foraminifera : their shells and skeletons can be guiding to find oil, natural gas, and mineral resources. Radiolarian : when it dies, their shells sink, forming the so-called radiolarian ooze of deep ocean floors that has contributed to the formatting of many different type of sediment rock.

19. Roles of Protozoa in Human Life

20. Plant-like Protists : Algae Classification of Protists Size and shapes Microscopic –macroscopic (25 – 50m) Unicellular and multicellular Unicellular algae live soliter or colony Some species of unicellular algae have flagellum for motion (2 or 4) Thallus body ( Thallophyta )   Body Characteristics Solitary Unicellular Algae Round, oval, or pear-shaped algae. Example : Chlorella Chlorella

21. Plant-like Protists : Algae Classification of Protists Multicellular Algae There are forms of thread ( benang / filamen ) and sheet like ( lembaran ) Ex: Oedogonium and Spirogyra (filament) Laminaria, Ulva, Macrocystis (sheet) Gonium Volvox Hydrodictyon Unicellular Algae in Colony Cells are dependent on one another for their survival The protoplast of each cell is connected by pores on the cell wall. Shape like disc : Gonium , like ball : Volvox , like net : Hydrodictyon Oedogonium Spirogyra Laminaria Ulva Macrocyctis

22. Plant-like Protists : Algae Classification of Protists Body Structure and Function All algae are eukaryote and contain Chloroplast. There are different form of chloroplast in algae : spherical in Chlorococcum . Bowl shaped in Chlorella and Chlamydomonas , belt shaped in Ulothrix , disk shaped in Vaucheria and Chara , net like in Oedogonium , and spiral in Spirogyra. Algae have structure within their chloroplast which is called pyrenoid. It functions as the food storage container. The stored food could be amylum and oil (green algae), leucosin and oil (golden algae) laminarin (brown algae) or florid starch (red algae). Body Characteristics

23. Plant-like Protists : Algae Classification of Protists Life Cycle and Habitat Algae life could be in forms: Plankton (drift with water currents), neuston (live at the ocean surface) and benthos (live at the ocean floor). Algae live freely or damp habitats like puddles, ponds, lake, rivers, swamps, seas, soil, rocks, or trees. Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission : a mother cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Occurs on unicellular algae : Chlorella and Euglena Fragmentation : broken filament or thallus can grow into new individual organism. Occurs on multicellular algae : Spirogyra, Laminaria, Sargassum . Body Characteristics

24. Plant-like Protists : Algae Classification of Protists Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Spore (zoospore) formation : in unicellular and multicellular algae : Chlamydomonas and Ulothrix . Spores are formed by division of mother cell’s wall. Spore will be released after cell wall breaks and grow into haploid new algae. Sexual Reproduction Isogamy : union of two different gamete types with the same shape and size Anisogamy : union of two different gamete types with the same shape but different size Oogamy : union of two gametes with different shape and size Body Characteristics

25. Euglenophyta (Euglenoid)  Eu + real/true, glena = eye Have disc-shaped eye spot that contains photoreceptors covered by a layer of red pigment (phycobilin). It makes Euglena able to detect and move toward light. If the photoreceptors are not covered by the pigment, they will move randomly. The cell is covered by an elastic protein called pellicle which enables the cell to change its shape. Heterotroph, but some autotroph (contain chlorophyll a and b and carotene pigments). The photosynthetic product is stored as a back up in the form of paramylon (type of starch). Have 2 flagella, short and long. The long one is for movement. Classification of Algae (Based on their dominant pigment)

26. Golden Algae : Chrysophyta  Chrysos = gold Have a dominant carotene pigment: Xanthophyll. Other pigment are : fucoxanthin and chlorophyll. Solitary unicellular : Ochromonas , colony multicellular and lacking flagella : Vaucheria . The cell wall contains hemicellulose, silica and pectin Food is stored as fats and carbohydrates. Ex : Diatoms: Navicula (have shell like cell wall composed of the base valve ( hypoteca ) and the lid valve ( epitecha ). Mostly live in fresh water and some at the sea. Asexually by binary fission or spore formation. Sexually by uniting two type of gametes. Classification of Algae (Based on their dominant pigment) Navicula Synura

27. Fire Algae : Pyrrophyta Dominant pigments : chlorophyll, xanthophyll, dinoxhantin and phycobilin. Have different kind of colors : yellowish green, green, blue, brown, or red algae . It appear fluorescent at night and the appearance of red tides along the seashore. Can cause a toxic red tide that kills fish and sea animals. People who consumed the toxic seafood may experience brain damage. Ex : Gymnodinium brave (produces brevetoxin = nerve toxin), Gambierdiscus toxicus (produces ciguatoxin), Gonyaulax (produces saxitoxin ), Noctiluca scintillans ( produces fluorescent substance ) Classification of Algae (Based on their dominant pigment) Red tide Noctiluca scintillans

28. Green Algae : Chlorophyta  chloros = green Dominant pigments : chlorophyll a and b, carotene. Unicellular and multicellular, some have flagella. Cell wall composed of cellulose and store food as amylum . Live in freshwater (pond, puddles, etc ) and shallow seawater like Ulva . Asexulally : binary fission, spore formation and fragmentation. Sexually : isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy . Ex: Chlorella, Chlorococcum , Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Gonium, Ulothrix , Spirogyra, Halimeda ,etc . Classification of Algae (Based on their dominant pigment) Volvox Halimeda Ulva

29. Brown Algae : Phaeophyta  phaios = brown Dominant pigments : carotene : fucoxanthin (gives a brownish color that cover chlorophyll and carotene pigments) Filamentous or thallus multicellular algae. Cell wall contains pectin or algin. Food is stored as laminarin (glucose or fat). Live in seawater, shore or tidal region. Asexual : fragmentation, spore. Sexually : isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy . Ex : Floating algae such as : Sargassum , Laminaria, Turbinaria , Fucus vesiculosus . Attach to the rock/reef such as : Macrocystis and Nereocystis (both giant algae), Hormosira (Neptune necklace). Classification of Algae (Based on their dominant pigment) Sargassum Hormosira Fucus vesiculosus

30. Red Algae : Rhodophyta  rhodos = red Dominant pigments : phycobilin: phycoerythrin (red), chlorophyll, carotene, and phycocyanin (blue). The combination makes some species appear blackish-red. Most filamentous or sheet shape multicellular. Cell wall contains cellulose and pectin. Food is stored in the form of floridean starch. Live in the deep sea. Asexually : spores. Sexually : oogamy . Experience alteration of gametophyte and sporophyte in their life cycle. Ex: Euchema spinosum, Gelidium , Robustum, Chondrus crispus, Gigartina mammilosa , Glacillaria verrucose, Corallina mediterranea , Palmaria palmata, Polysiphonia . Classification of Algae (Based on their dominant pigment) Euchema spinosum Robustum Mammilosa

31. Chlorella as source of highly nutrition food supplement Remain of Diatom shell can be used for explosive mixture, construction cement, scrubber, isolator material, and colander/sieve production. Laminaria Laveniea as high potassium agricultural fertilizer and forage components for farms located near the shore. Importance of Algae for Human Great Economical Value Others Ulva, Caulerpa , and Enteromorpha as vegetables Euchema and Gelidium to produce gelatin (to make pudding and cookies)

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