Kyasanur Forest Disease in animals and humans .pptx

Regarding Tick Borne Fever in Forest Dwellers
Veterinary Parasitology

1. KYASANUR FOREST DISEASE ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE

2. INTRODUCTION The Kyasanur forest disease  ( KFD ) is a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever endemic to South-western part of India. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 2

3. HISTORY KFDV was identified in 1957 when it was isolated from a sick monkey from the Kyasanur Forest in Karnataka (formerly Mysore) State, India. Since then, between 400-500 humans cases per year have been reported. Hard ticks (Haemaphysalis spinigera) are the reservoir of  KFD  virus and once infected, remain so for life. In 1957 several monkeys were found dead in Kyasanur. Within 5 months,1142 cases and 104 deaths. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 3

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY The disease initially reported from Shimoga district of Karnataka which is a primitive sylvan territory in Western Ghats of India. The disease spread out to other districts of Karnataka involving districts of Chikkamagalore, Uttara Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, Chamarajanagar (2012), Belagavi (2016). In 2013, KFDV was detected in monkey autopsies from Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu state. Monkey deaths and human cases have now been reported from three neighbouring states bordering Karnataka, i.e., Wayanad (2013) and Malappuram districts of Kerala (2014), North Goa district of Goa state (2015), and Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra (2016). 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 4

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7. AETIOLOGY The disease is caused by a virus belonging to the family  Flaviviridae. The genome of KFDV is very similar (>92% homologous) to that of Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus which is primarily found in Saudi Arabia. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 7

8. TRANSMISSION  The vector for disease transmission is  Haemaphysalis spinigera , a forest tick. Humans contract infection from the bite of nymphs of the tick. Man is a terminal host and there no human-to-human transmission because the human domestic environment does not sustain the ticks. Monkeys are the main amplifying hosts for KFD virus and they are also sufferers. The surili  Presbytis entellus  and the bonnet macaque are very susceptible to the KFD virus. Forest Birds are reservoir hosts. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 8

9. VECTOR 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 9

10. Zoonotic Aspects 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 10

11. Incubation Period After an  incubation period  of 3-8 days, the symptoms of  KFD  begin suddenly with chills, fever, and headache. Severe muscle pain with vomiting, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding problems may occur 3-4 days after initial symptom onset. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 11

12. Signs and Symptoms The symptoms of the disease include a high fever with frontal headaches, chills, Severe muscle pain with vomiting, gastrointestinal symptoms and bleeding problems may occur 3–4 days after initial symptom onset. Patients may experience abnormally low blood pressure, and low platelet, red blood cell, and white blood cell count. After 1–2 weeks of symptoms, some patients recover without complication, However, the illness is biphasic for a subset of patients (10-20%) who experience a second wave of symptoms at the beginning of the third week. These symptoms include fever and signs of neurological manifestations, such as severe headache, mental disturbances, tremors, and vision deficits. The convalescent period is typically very long, lasting for several months. Muscle aches and weakness also occur during this period and the affected person is unable to engage in physical activities. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 12

13. Pathogenesis The virus gain entry to the body of human through bite of ticks. Replicate in nearest lymph node and gain entry into systemic circulation. Produce hemorrhagic lesions in the intestine Also produce neuronal manifestations. Hypersensitivity reactions at the site of bite of ticks. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 13

14. Lesions In monkeys, inflammation of spleen and lymph nodes. Severe congestion in lungs. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 14

15. Diagnosis Diagnosis can be made in the early stage of illness by molecular detection by PCR or virus isolation from blood. Later, serologic testing using enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA) can be performed. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 15

16. TREATMENT here is no specific treatment for KFD, but early hospitalization and supportive therapy is important. Supportive therapy includes the maintenance of hydration and the usual precautions for patients with bleeding disorders. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 16

17. Prevention A vaccine does exist for KFD and is used in endemic areas of India. Additional preventative measures include insect repellents and wearing protective clothing in areas where ticks are endemic. Control the tick population. 23-09-2020 ABHIJITH SP CVAS POOKODE 17

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