L = top land + axial length of the ring + piston skirt length + Allowance.ppt

The specially designed enclosed fluid systems can provide both linear as well as rotary motion. The high magnitude controlled force can also be applied by using these systems. This kind of enclosed fluid based systems using pressurized incompressible liquids as transmission media are called as hydraulic systems. The hydraulic system works on the principle of Pascal’s law which says that the pressure in an enclosed fluid is uniform in all the directions.
The hydraulic systems consists a number of parts for its proper functioning. These include storage tank, filter, hydraulic pump, pressure regulator, control valve, hydraulic cylinder, piston and leak proof fluid flow pipelines.
It consists of:

• A movable piston connected to the output shaft in an enclosed cylinder
• Storage tank
• Filter
• Electric pump
• Pressure regulator

• Control valve
• Leak proof closed loop piping


(a) Advantages

• The hydraulic system uses incompressible fluid which results in higher efficiency.

• It delivers consistent power output which is difficult in pneumatic or mechanical drive systems.

• Hydraulic systems employ high density incompressible fluid. Possibility of leakage is less in hydraulic system as compared to that in pneumatic system. The maintenance cost is less.

• These systems perform well in hot environment conditions.






(b) Disadvantages

• The material of storage tank, piping, cylinder and piston can be corroded with the hydraulic fluid. Therefore one must be careful while selecting materials and hydraulic fluid.

• The structural weight and size of the system is more which makes it unsuitable for the smaller instruments.

• The small impurities in the hydraulic fluid can permanently damage the complete system, therefore one should be careful and suitable filter must be installed.

• The leakage of hydraulic fluid is also a critical issue and suitable prevention method and seals must be adopted.

• The hydraulic fluids, if not disposed properly, can be harmful to the environment







PROBLEM STATEMENT AND SOLUTION :

During filling of liquid in the bottles we observe that manual filling of liquid is quite tedious and time consuming and very difficult to obtain accuracy.
In order to obtain this task in easy way, we are using semi-automatic liquid filling machine (pneumatically operated) as our BE project.
Machine works on volumetric principle. Adjusting the displacement of piston can set a fill volume. Using this machine we can effectively increase accuracy, eliminate training time and improve overall efficiencies, thus keeping cost down a properly designed liquid filling machine.




2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW:

Fillers (or filling machines) are used for packaging, mainly for food/beverage but for other products as well. These are used to fill either a bottle or a pouch, depending on the product.
Filling machines are often one of the first pieces of equipment to be automated in a packagin

1. POWER SAW

2. •It consists of-
1.Base
2.work holding device (vice)
3.A saw with frame
4.mechanism to give reciprocating motion to the saw
5.power device to give motion to the saw.
•The power saw cuts the work piece only during forward
stroke, while the return stroke remains idle.
•A coolant is provided at the time of cutting.
•Several work pieces can be clamped together and cut at
the same time.

3. NC MACHINE
NC machine is a programmable automation in which
actions are controlled by means of coded numbers , letters and
symbols.

4. BASIC ELEMENTS OF NC MACHINE
Part Program and drawing
Machine control unit
i) Tape reader
ii) Controller
Machine tool and NC tooling.

5. Part Program and drawing:-
Is written by observing the part drawing and the given cutting process
parameters like speed, feed, depth of cut etc.
The data is coded by using Punched tapes, Magnetic tapes, punch card
etc.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF NC MACHINE

6. Machine control unit:-
Heart of NC Machine tool system, consist of many sub-units inside it.
Tape Reader:
1. Receives the coded data from punched tape.
2. Read the data
3. Pass the data to the buffer storage .
Buffer storage stores the received information , transfer the
information as per requirement.
MCU: Functions
is to controlled
the operations
like
Tool
movement,
tool change,
speed change
Feed change
BASIC ELEMENTS OF NC MACHINE

7. Machine tool and NC tooling:
It takes the information from the MCU.
As per the information , the desired shape and size is
modified by performing different operations like turning,
milling, drilling, grinding etc.
BASIC ELEMENTS OF NC MACHINE

8. ADVANTAGES OF NC SYSTEM.
High productivity.
Less scrap.
High Quality.
Complicated profile can be easily produced with faster rate.
Safety to the operator and machine tool.
Skilled operator is not require for operating machine tool.
DISADVANTAGES:
High initial cost.
High maintenance cost.
Costly control unit.
For programming well trained and highly skilled operator required.
As number of worker required is less, there is increase in
unemployment.

9. Computerized Numerical control (CNC) MACHINE
Is a NC system which uses micro- computer as the machine control
unit.
 Microprocessor, RAM, ROM, Input/output devices raised the
automation level.
Programs are entered trough the keyboard, CD, DVD and floppy disc.

10. Computerized Numerical control (CNC) MACHINE
Basic elements
1.Part program and drawing
2.Input/output devices
3.Memory storage devices
4.Micro-computer
5.CNC machine tool
6.Feedback device

11. COMPUTERIZED NUMERICAL
CONTROL (CNC) MACHINE
BASIC ELEMENTS
Part Program and drawing:-
Is written by observing the part drawing and the given
cutting process parameters like speed, feed, depth of cut
etc.

12. Input/output devices:
1.The written part program is entered into the microcomputer by
using input devices like keyboard, CD, DVD etc.
Memory storage devices:
1.Program is stored in computer memory , which can recalled
whenever required.
2.Program can be edited and modified as per requirement.
COMPUTERIZED NUMERICAL
CONTROL (CNC) MACHINE
BASIC ELEMENTS

13. Input/output dvices
Micro- computer unit(MCU):
1.Part program is read by MCU.
2.Controls all the movement of machine tool , speed , feed, depth of cut
etc.
COMPUTERIZED NUMERICAL
CONTROL (CNC) MACHINE
BASIC ELEMENTS

14. CNC machine tool:
1.Takes the information from the MCU and performs the
operation automatically.
Feedback Device:
1.Receives feedback from the machine tool and gives it to the
MCU
2.Using this device, the cause can be easily detected and rectified.
COMPUTERIZED NUMERICAL
CONTROL (CNC) MACHINE
BASIC ELEMENTS

15. Comparison of NC and CNC system.
1 Mode of entering the
program
Using punch card,
magnetic tapes,
Punch tapes etc.
Entered by using
Keyboard, CD,
DVD, Floppy discs
etc.
2 Memory storage deviceOnly one program
can be stored at a
time
More than one
program can be
stored.
3 MCU Tape reader act as a
MCU
Microcomputer act
as a MCU
4 Program editing Difficult Simple
5 Productivity of systemLess High
6 Initial cost Moderate High
7 Feedback device No available

16. Comparison of NC and CNC system.
Sr. No. Parameter NC CNC
1 Mode of entering the
program
Using punch card,
magnetic tapes, Punch
tapes etc.
Entered by using
Keyboard, CD,
DVD, Floppy discs
etc.
2 Memory storage deviceOnly one program can
be stored at a time
More than one
program can be
stored.
3 MCU Tape reader act as a
MCU
Microcomputer
act as a MCU
4 Program editing Difficult Simple
5 Productivity of systemLess High
6 Initial cost Moderate High
7 Feedback device No available

17. UNIT-2
ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES
TURBINES
AIR MOTOR
RECIPROCATING PUMP
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
ROTARY COMPRESSORS
FANS
BLOWERS
BOILER
REFRIGATOR
WINDOW AIR CONDITIONER

18. TURBINES
1.Steam Turbine
2.Gas Turbine
3.Hydraulic Turbine

19. •Steam turbine is a prime mover which converts the
heat energy of steam (at high pressure and
temperature) into mechanical work
•The steam from the boiler is expanded in a nozzle,
resulting in the emission of a high velocity jet. This jet
of steam impinges on the moving vanes or blades,
mounted on a shaft. Here it undergoes a change of
direction of motion which gives rise to a change in
momentum and therefore a force.
STEAM TURBINE