L1 Introduction of birds morphology detail

L1 Introduction of birds morphology detail

1. Definition, scope
and importance –
cattle and fodder
resources of India
Dr Pramod Soni

2. Livestock management
•Livestock means stock (items of property) that is live and is used for production of items for
commerce and/or domestic consumption.
•Livestock Management: Livestock management involves integrated application of the principles of
animal breeding, feeding, housing, organization and disease control in a manner suitable for a
particular situation.
•Animal Husbandry defined as a science as well as art of management including scientific feeding,
breeding, housing, health care of common domestic animals aiming for maximum return.
•In India an agricultural country livestock especially cattle are backbone of agriculture even now in
many parts of country.

3. Livestock management
Better management includes
▪Economic feeding
▪Identification of better breeding stock
▪Maintenance of their records and implementation of mating plan
▪Monitoring the reproductive efficiency
General principles of animal management
The basic requirements for the welfare of livestock are :-
▪Provision of readily accessible fresh water
▪Nutritionally adequate feed as required
▪Provision of adequate temperature and ventilation
▪Adequate freedom for movement and to stretch their body

4. ▪Sufficient light for satisfactory inspection and
for feeding
▪Rapid diagnosis and treatment of injuries and
disease
▪Emergency provision in the event of
breakdown of essential mechanical equipment
▪Flooring which neither harms nor cause undue
stress to the animal
▪Domestication and rearing of animals for
production causes considerable strain on the
body of the animals.
It is therefore essential that these animals should
be looked after well.

6. Common Animal Husbandry Terms

8. 20
th
Livestock census (2019)

12. Scope of different livestock enterprises
The scope of different livestock enterprise for different regions of the country can be as follows
Cattle
▪Milk - milk shed areas, near towns and cities
▪Female calf rearing – near milk shed area, near town and cities
Buffalo
▪Milk – milk shed areas , near town and cities
▪Female calf rearing – near milk shed area and near town and cities
▪Male calf rearing - around slaughterhouse areas
Bullock - for hiring, any where
Camels - for hiring, any where
Donkey - for hiring, any where
Mule - for hiring, hill tract
Sheep
▪Wool Himalayan and North West India
▪Meat any dry area

13. Goat
Milk any area
Meat any dry area
Pigs
Pork near cities [for specific area
and people]
Poultry
Eggs poultry shed areas, near
cities and towns
Meat any area
Rabbit
Meat any area
Fur hilly area

14. Importance of livestock in Agriculture
Animal Husbandry: Branch of agriculture concerned with the production and care of domestic animals
General principles of livestock management -Breeding, Feeding, Weeding and Heeding
Importance of livestock in Agriculture
1. Income from livestock and poultry enterprises contribute as high as 10% of the total national income and
nearly 50% of agricultural sector income.
2.Effective utilization of labour – family labour is effectively utilized in animal husbandry.
3.Soil fertility : organic manure – promotes and maintain soil fertility.
4.Effective utilization- Cow produces 8 tonnes of farmyard manure per year and farm biomass farm
products which includes fodder, feed, edible weed, tree fodder, grasses are better utilized- and converted to
edible products like-Milk, Meat and Egg.
5.Effective utilization of agri industrial by products By products obtained from grain processing (bran), oil
seed process (oil cakes), pulses processing (gram, husk) and molasses.
6.Better standard of living : family income from livestock and poultry.
7.Inter relationship: Man, animal plant interrelation is interdependent (one cannot survive without the help of
other) Man not only depends on plants and animals for food but also for income and other needs. He co-
ordinates activities of the crop and other husbandry by proper planning

15. Role of livestock in livelihood security
• Livestock sector plays an important role in socio-economic development of rural
households.
•The importance of livestock goes beyond its food production function.
•It provides draught power and organic manure to crop sector and hides, skin, bones,
blood and fibres to the industrial sector.
•Over 70% of the rural households in India own livestock and a majority of livestock
owning households are small, marginal and landless households.
•Small animals like sheep, goats, pigs and poultry are largely kept by the landless farmers
for commercial purposes because of their low initial investment and operational cost.
Livestock sector provides livelihood security to the rural farmers by the following ways:
Nutritional Security:
▪Due to its large and diversified livestock resources, India has vast potential in meeting
the growing needs of millions of people by providing milk, eggs and meat.

16. Economic Security:
•Livestock sector plays a crucial role in providing nutritive food, supplementing family incomes and
generating gainful employment in the rural sector, particularly among the landless, small, marginal
farmers and women.
•It is also considered an important component in poverty alleviation programmes because of its wide
distribution in different agro-climatic zones.
•livestock is being used to pull agricultural equipment plough (again increasing farm yields),
transport goods across large distances and serve civilization during war and peace.
•Draught animals like bullocks, horses etc. are often bred for desirable qualities such as endurance,
strength and, in military usage.
Environmental Security:
▪Livestock leave behind organic fertilizer, which, after being spread on a field improves the soil
fertility, thereby increase crop yields many folds.
▪This is the most important reason why historically agricultural and livestock link developed.
▪Some animals, such as sheep grow thick coats that can be shorn and used as woolen garments.
▪Hides and skin of buffalo, cow, pigs and goat are used as leather
▪The hoof, bones and hair used in a variety of industrial, cultural and decorative uses.

17. Fodder resources in India
▪India has largest livestock population in the world and one of its
notable characteristics is almost entire feed requirement is met
from crop residues
▪Source of green fodder in India is from cultivation of
agricultural land, greens produced in forest and from fallow
lands
Crop residues contribution to dry fodder in India
▪Crop residues are bulky and contain more than 18 per cent fibre.
▪Crop residues comprise straws and stovers obtained after
harvesting the crops.
▪Crop residues are the major feed resource for feeding of
livestock across all states

18. Fodder requirement in India is
▪Fodder requirement in India is 883.95 Mt of green fodder and 583.66 Mt of dry
fodder whereas the estimated fodder production is 664.73 Mt of green fodder and
355.93 Mt of dry fodder.
▪Hence to minimize the existing gap of 218.22 Mt of green fodder and 227.73 Mt of
dry fodder required (Source: Computed from 19
th
Livestock census and NATP
database)
•As per the estimates of the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-affiliated
National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (NIANP), the deficit in the
requirement and the availability of dry fodder, green fodder and concentrates during
2015 was to the extent of 21 per cent, 26 per cent, and 34 per cent, respectively.
•This is likely to increase to 23 per cent, 40 per cent, and 38 per cent, respectively, by
2025

19. Major Fodder Sources in India and their Status
Fodder in the country is sourced from either the agricultural fields or the natural pasture lands
Tropical and Sub-tropical Grasslands:
▪These mid-successional/sub-climax type of grasslands, found in high rainfall areas (western
ghats) to arid/ semi-arid areas including terai and Gangetic plains, experience periodic burning
and are subjected to heavy grazing.
▪It has resulted in their general degradation and very low productivity.
▪Such type of grasslands form important source of fodder for the livestock maintained by poor
and landless people.
Shola Grasslands:
▪Climatic climax type of grassland where climax stage is maintained by severe frost and recurrent
fires.
▪The major interference in Shola grasslands is on account of attempts to bring these under tree
plantations.
Alpine, Sub-alpine Meadows:
▪Climatic climax type of pastures that usually witness intensive transhumant grazing activity
during summers.
▪The climax stage is maintained by severe winters, high velocity winds and frost.
▪The alpine and sub-alpine meadows have come to suffer from general degradation, increasing
incidence of non-palatable species and erosion due to overgrazing

20. Village Commons, Fallows & Wastelands:
▪These lands used to form an important source of forage to the village cattle.
▪However, most of these lands have been diverted for other uses, and whatever is remaining has
become badly fragmented and degraded with no management concerns.
▪ Forests:
▪Forests of almost all crown density classifications, and the natural blanks contained within
these, form an important source of forage.
▪However, free grazing and invasion by exotic weeds has resulted in degradation of the ground
cover of fodder value in the forests.
Tree-leaf fodder:
▪Tree leaf fodder is a very important source of forage, especially during pinch periods.
▪Less prone to periodic droughts, trees form an assured source of fodder year after year.
▪The major sources of tree leaf fodder are the trees growing on forests and common lands.
▪However, with high timber value plantations coming up on scrub forests, this resource is
getting depleted from near habitations.
▪Another source of tree leaf fodder is the trees growing on farm lands.
▪However, with traditional cropping practices giving way to intensive agriculture, this source of
tree leaf fodder is getting depleted.
Cultivated Fodder & Crop Residue:
▪ Meets about half of fodder requirement in the country.
▪ However, its availability is limited to the arable lands and land rich farmers