L11_Jain & Buddhist Literature.pptx

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1. LECTURE-12

2. JAINA AND BUDDHIST LITERATURE Religion played an important role in the lives of the Indians from the earliest times, as in the case of many other ancient nations of the world. The most important teachers of the time were Mahātmā Buddha and Lord Mahāvīra, which were the founder of Buddhism and Jainism respectively.

3. JAINA AND BUDDHIST LITERATURE The early Jaina adopted Prākrit language of the common people to preach their doctrines. The Jaina literature contains the way of life. The personality of Buddha and method adopted by him to preach his religion helped the spread of Buddhism. The use of Pali, the language of the people contributed to flourish the literature. Pali is the language of the holy texts of the Buddhist.

4. Jaina Literature Jaina literature begins with Lord Mahāvīra; last Trīthankara of Jaina in the six-century BCE. The Jaina Canon took its present shape in the second council (CE 512 or 525) at Vallabhī.

5. Jaina Literature The canonical books are divided into six groups, Aṅgas, Upaṅgas, Prakīrnaka Chhedasūtras Mulasūtras and an unnamed group .

6. Jaina Literature The Jaina literature of this period is written not only in Sanskrit, Tamil, and Kannaḍa but also in Prākrit.

7. Buddhist Literature A Chinese pilgrim Huen-Tsang’s account gives us reliable information about the condition of Buddhism in Indian in the seventh century BC. In Kashmir, he was received with great honour by the king who gave him twenty Paṇḍitas to make copies of Buddhist work besides a few monks to help him in his mission.

8. Buddhist Literature The most important Buddhist monastic centers in the early medieval period were located in Kashmir, Bihar, Bengal, which were the great centers of literary activities. Nālandā was the oldest and had attained worldwide fame by the seventh century BC.

9. Buddhist Literature Many original works of Buddhist were burnt in the library of Nālandā, which might be a great source to construct the history of India and Buddhism. The monastery of Vikramaśilā founded by Dharampāla was the greatest institution of the age and surpassed Nālandā.

10. Buddhist Literature Tāntrik Buddhist texts were composed during this period, which showed that Tantricism was became the part of Buddhist. Many Buddhist scholars adopted the Sanskrit as a medium of their work.

11. Buddhism Buddhism was one of the greatest religion to emerge in the world of human history. It was founded by Gautama Buddha His original name was Siddhartha. He was born in a royal family at Lumbini in 563 BC. His father Suddhodana was the ruler of Shakya kingdom of Kapilavastu located in Nepal tarai . At the time of his birth the astrologer had prophesized that the boy would become either a great general or a great preacher. https://youtu.be/cyxJNpEIO24

12. Life of Buddha To ensure that Siddhartha did not leave household life to become a saint, he was married to an extremely beautiful princess named Yashodhara at a very young age of 16 years. A son named Rahul was borned to them. Siddhartha was kept away from the realities of the outside world could not affect his thinking. Siddhartha developed a deep curiosity to know about the other people living in this world. He started going to the city at night with his charioteer ‘Channa”. His chariot was pulled by the horse named “Kanthaka”. During these visit Siddhartha came across 4 different individuals which changed his thinking completely. He met an old man, a sick man, and a beggar. He made up his mind to leave this world and search truth.

13. The Enlightenment One night when his wife Yashodhara and son Rahul were sleeping, Siddhartha left his home at the age of 29 years. This event is know as “Mahabhinishkramana” . He roamed around for 6 years but could not satisfy his quest for truth. Finally he sat down under a Pipal Tree at Uruvela (modern Bodhgaya) on the bank of river Niranjana and decided not to get up until he found truth. On the 49 th day of his meditation , he realized truth and attained enlightment. He came to be known as “Buddha” (the enlightened).

14. First Sermon Buddha delivered his first sermon in a deer park at Rishipattana (modern Sarnath) to 5 ascetics. They were Kondanja, Mahanama, Baddiya, Assaji and Vappa. This event is known as “Dharmachakraparivartana”. All these 5 persons became disciples of Buddha and Buddhist Sangha was established here.

15. Fundamental Elements of Buddhist Teachings 4 noble truths, 8-fold path, 10 percepts and 3 jewels constitute the fundamental elements of Buddhist teachings. According to Mahatma Buddha, ignorance was the root cause of sufferings of people. Due to ignorance, people indulge in acts of greed. Greed pushes people into misdeeds. These misdeeds keep them trapped in a cycle of birth and death. This cycle can be brought to an end by following the teachings of Mahatma Buddha.

16. Four Noble Truths (Chatvari Aryasatyani) The world is full of sorrow ( Dukkha ) The cause of sorrow ( Dukkha Samudaya ) is desire. Cessation of sorrow ( Dukkha-Nirodha ) is possible. The path leading to cessation of sorrow is Astangika-Marga .

17. Eight-fold Path ( Astangika Marga ) Right Thinking ( Samma-Ditthi ) Right Determination ( Samma-Sankalpa ) Right Speech ( Samma-Vaca ) Right Action ( Samma-Kammanta ) Right means of livelihood ( Samma-Ajiva ) Right efforts ( Samma-Vayama ) Right recollection ( Samma-Sati ) Right meditation ( Samma-Samadhi )

18. Ten Percepts Not to harm living beings Not to take what is not given Abstain from false speech Abstain from evil behaviour Abstain from alcoholic drinks Abstain from eating at forbidden times Abstain from dancing/singing/music/dramatic performance Abstain from use of jewellery/perfumes/garlands

19. Ten Percepts Abstain from dancing/singing/music/dramatic performance Abstain from use of jewellery/perfumes/garlands Abstain from receiving gold/silver Abstain from use of broad or high bed

20. Three Jewels Buddha (Enlightenment) Dharma (Doctrine) Sangha (Monastic order)

21. Three Trainings or Trisiksha Morality ( Sila ) Meditation ( Samadhi ) Wisdom ( Prajna )

22. Holy Books Teachings of Buddha were organized in two Pitakas known as Sutta Pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka. Sutta Pitaka contains teachings of Buddha. It was composed of Ananda who was one of the discilpe of Buddha. Vinaya Pitaka was composed by Upali. This book contains rules of Buddhist monastic order.

23. Rules and Regulations of Buddhist Monastic Order ( Sangha ) Buddhist Sangha ( monastery ) consisted of Chaityas and Viharas . Chaitya was a place of worship and Vihara was a place of residence of monks. Anyone could acquire the memebership of Buddhist Sangha irrespective of Varna or caste status. Soldiers, slaves, debtors and other persons under obligation could not enter Sangha without the permission of their superior or masters.

24. Rules and Regulations of Buddhist Monastic Order ( Sangha ) Criminals, leapers and person afflicted with infectious diseases were not allowed to enter Sangha. Women were allowed entry into Sangha. A novice might be admitted from the age of 8 upwards but was qualified for full membership at the minimum age of 20.

25. The rites ( sacred procedures) of admission included Putting on the 3 yellow or orange robes Ceremonial shaving of head Pronouncing “three jewels” and “ten percepts”