L9-Writing Presenting Writing Presenting.pptx

Writing Presenting

1. Research Methodology L9- Writing & Presenting 1

2. Presenting Scientific Research Consummation of the research process. “Pay-off” for the investigator. The final and necessary stage of research . Key element: reporting new knowledge. The paper is a condensed version of the research process. Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion Types of Scientific communication Written or oral : papers, reports, Theses and Dissertations, presentations (poster oral) Essential requirements: Accurate and Audience-adapted Brief Clear 2

3. Types of Writings Free writing (during the research process) Formal writings: Papers/Articles/reports Master theses/Ph.D. Dissertations 3

4. Drafting Self Study 4

5. Writing is also part of the creative discovery process Writing usually play an important role in: crystalizing your ideas Opening new dimensions Acting like a brainstorming with yourself It is an essential tool in the discovery process. If you defer writing to the end of your research, the project will certainly be extended. New ideas will open during this writing stage. “write like an athlete” this means that you keep yourself fit from a writing perspective . Set aside a time every day for keeping writing fit. 10 to 20 minutes is all that is required 5

6. How to write You need to understand: The message that you are trying to get across, and the reader . From the free writing process there is probably also a lot of supporting material around that message If more than one message came out of the free writing process, concentrate on only one at a time 6

7. Activity As an exercise take a piece of your own writing and analyze it from the point of view of what was discussed in the video. Choose a section or a paragraph (not more than a page) . Can you identify a single theme that you want the reader to walk away with? It should be possible to write down this theme as a single sentence or statement. Then read through each sentence of the work. Categorize each sentence as one of: Build and supporting the statement Interesting but not directly supporting Actually something else all together  Can you reformulate the piece of writing so as to eliminate everything that does not contribute directly? (Note that it is often necessary to lay down background so that other work is put into context. Naturally, this means that there are two different messages, the context and the main one. You would not want to eliminate the context one.) 7

8. Formal Writing 8

9. 9

10. Writing Tips 10

11. Writing is a Storytelling Opening : the background and context of the work Challenge : the research problem Action : the methods used , the data collected , the analysis Resolution: the actual new knowledge that is presented It is about change (change in state of knowledge) Your writing should focus on presenting this change and how it is good and how it impacts the world. How to Attract the reader : Ask yourself how you were attracted to read an article Focus on the same sections as suggested by “ brief Reading ” 11

12. Reviewing, Reviewing, Reviewing, and Editing Before the written work goes out, you analyze it very carefully to see if what is there looks really good. every detail of the presentation is near perfect, everything from the font sizes and headings to the grammar and the spelling, the readability of the labels on graphs and figures, the links and references to the figures and other literature need to be correct, In short, every single detail must be in place. The impression would be: if you were sloppy with the care of the final document that you sent out , then you were probably also sloppy with the details of the actual research as well It is recommended that you send it out to a language expert and ask for feedback on what you have written They might not understand any of the details of the research or the message you are communicating, but they will be able to get the form correct 12

13. Argument, Evidence, and Justification Every decision or approach you consider in your research must be justified. You must be precise when stating claims. All claims must be supported by arguments and convincing evidences, or use a reference 13

14. Writing an academic paper-preliminary tips Few Tips How to avoid being boring The most important tip is: Put yourself in the position of the reader and continually ask if the reader will be convinced. 14

15. Thesis & Dissertation 15

16. Thesis/Dissertation The thesis is a scientific work presented by a candidate for the obtainment of a specific academic degree, or to fulfill the requirements of this degree. It represents a complete report presented by the candidate about the work he/she undertook and finalized, according to the conventional academic research methodologies. 16

17. The Master’s Thesis It is an outcome of an academic or professional study presented by the candidate at the level of a master’s degree. It is always a document presented in format and style specified by that particular university. The Master’s Thesis must demonstrate clearly the student’s ability to use the appropriate research methods, organizing the primary and secondary information in each respect, and presenting the results in a factual prose style, under appropriate academic supervision. 17

18. The Ph.D. Dissertation The Ph.D. Dissertation is an outcome of a study performed by a candidate at the level of a Ph.D. degree. It basically differs from the Master’s study in depth, academic and professional treatment, extensive comprehension and more maturity for topic, under appropriate academic supervision. The Ph.D. Dissertation represents an independent and original research in that particular specialization domain. The Dissertation is supposed to add to the previously treated field , whether academic or professional. This addition could be due to the study of materials never tackled before, or as a result of the re-examination of traditional materials through new techniques or from new points of view. The research project and its scope should be rich and deep enough to examine the student’s ability for performing other research independently; and it should confirm that he/she has mastered the required skills for performing such research. 18

19. The Pillars of the Perfect Thesis/Dissertation The graduate student’s coverage of the information relating to the subject of his/her thesis in all its sources, with all the available ways and means, and the grasping of all related subjects, in the different information media, so as to make sure that the proposed subject for study is novel and has never been tackled before; and not to waste effort in obtaining results that have been done before . Understanding others’ views accurately and scrupulously with no ambiguity, coupled with accuracy and honesty in transmitting or translating their views in ways that guarantee the absence of their falsification . Assessing and criticizing others’ views and never to take them as axioms . Attaining an academic innovation that adds to the researcher’s specialization field . 19

20. The Pillars of the Perfect Thesis/Dissertation (cont.) Arranging the materials obtained in a new logical order. Deducing new reasoning for old facts . Forming an organized subject from scattered and non–linked courses. Performing comparisons and extracting results from these subjects. Exposing any novelty about the thesis subject . The thesis must be devoid of anything other than the novel and related to its subject; and to avoid padding it with all that has been collected. 20

21. Criteria for assessing a Master’s dissertation 21

22. Criteria for assessing a Master’s dissertation 22

23. Criteria for assessing a Ph.D.’s dissertation 23

24. Originality 24

25. Thesis Outlines Self Study 25

26. Thesis Outlines   (A Sample) Cover Page ( Arabic & English ) Title Page Acknowledgements Preface Arabic Abstract (Not more than 200 words) English Abstract (Not more than 200 words) Table of Contents List of Figures (If any). List of Tables (If any). List of Symbols and Terminologies (If any ). List of Abbreviations (if any) 1. Introduction: Statement of the problem; relevant general background; importance of the study; up-to-date review of literature; and rationale for topic selection. Research objectives; hypotheses, scope, and limitations of the study. 2. Literature Review / Related Work 3. Background Knowledge & Techniques 4. The Model / Methodology - Intuitive Model description - Detailed Model Description ( may be in a separate chapter ) 5. Porotype Implementation / Results Results obtained during the term of the project and data analysis. Discussion : Detailed scientific discussions of the results obtained during the term of the project, and related past results obtained in the field of this research area. 6. Conclusions, Recommendations & Future Work References / Bibliography List references cited in the Final Report. 26

27. The Abstract It is a brief summary of the thesis in both Arabic and English Languages. The Abstract should cover all aspects of the research, to the extent that you can dispense with the text. It should not exceed 300 words for a master’s thesis and 500 words for a Ph.D. thesis, and about 100-200 words for an article Its contents should embrace the following points: Precise presentation of the problem under focus , together with its objective and scope. Brief description of the research methodology and its plan. The most important results, including the most deficiency significant results . Conclusions and recommendations . It should be devoid of references, tables, figures, equations, unless the research has reached a new mathematical equation. It is permissible to use abbreviations and acronyms to avoid repetition and prevent phrasing deficiency; on condition that the acronym or the abbreviation should be defined when mentioned for the first time. Writing Format Guidelines : The title is placed 2.5cm away from the top of the page and in the middle of the line The name of the researcher is written below this title by two lines, The word “ ABSTRACT” below it also by another two lines and then two lines are left blank before commencing the abstract body. 27

28. Chapter I: Introduction An INTRODUCTION should cover the following points: Motivation : A pinpointing of the magnitude of the problem under focus, including a reasonable background of information. Problem Statement (Thesis Question): A clear and concentrated presentation of the problem, coupled with an analysis and determination of its limits ( limitations/scope ). Objectives : The objective(s) and significance of the study. Methodology & Approach : The study methodology and methods for data collection. The thesis organization . 28

29. Chapter II: Literature Review A REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE chapter includes the following points: A summarization and criticism of previous works that relate to the study subject. Related issues, important problems and unanswered questions that require study. Comparisons and assessments to position your work within the framework of the related researches and subjects. Arguments that support the need for this study, which also fill gaps and add new scientific or intrinsic professional increments. 29

30. Chapter III: Background Knowledge & Related Issues A Background Chapter is an educational chapter that briefs the necessary background knowledge required for the reader of the Thesis to be able to understand and follow on the research presented by the Thesis Discussing and Analyzing the laws, theories and basic concepts that support the study. 30

31. Chapter IV: The Suggested Solution – Intuitive Understanding I prefer to include this chapter in your thesis, it makes the whole work more understandable. It should include: A high level description of the idea of the solution and how it treated the research problem/question. Few scenarios or case studies explaining different views of the problem and their treatments. Focus only on the “What” not the “How”. Make the presentation as simple as possible, and avoid using equations and algorithms. The suggested new model and solution/answer to question 31

32. Chapter V: Results and Contribution This chapter covers the results/model/solution/framework that have been yielded through this research as follows: Results concerning the objectives, the hypotheses or the questions, respectively, and each by its own. Results concerning any relationships, if any, between the objectives, the hypotheses or the questions. Results for any matters, questions or problems not planned for as part of this study, but discovered accidently while performing the study, or as a result of it . For example: New Model and/or framework Architecture Mathematical solution New Protocol 32

33. Chapter VI: Implementation and Discussion/Evaluation A Discussion & Evaluation chapter deals with the following points: A design of the research plan together with a time frame for its execution step by stop. Criteria used to verify the correctness of the given items both qualitatively and quantitatively . Ways in which the given terms are analyzed, for objective accomplishment or hypothesis examination or question answering. Evidence for the correctness of the research methodology, from other studies or through the preliminary tests of the present study. Determination of data collection means and their ways of analysis. Presenting the bases, relationships and generalization that have been shown by the results, and taking into account the discussion of the results and not just reporting them briefly. Pointing out any contradiction, or any deficiency of the study results, and their explanations, in relation to works that have been published before. 33

34. Chapter VII : Conclusions & Future Work A CONCLUSIONS chapter deals with the following ( Avoid making it just as a summary ): Conclusions/contributions that are derived from the discussion of each objective , hypothesis or question (as it was outlined in the first chapter). A treatment of each conclusion, by its own, and under a separate subheading. A brief mentioning of the evidence for each conclusion . If there were relationships between some objectives, hypotheses or questions, they should be treated under separate headings. Conclusions concerning any matters that have not been planned for, beforehand, as part of the thesis. Suggestions on how to employ and make use of the results obtained by the research . Future Work Section : A discussion of conclusions might bring up contents and meanings that could be used to revise existing conceptions, or improve present or suggested future work, or open the ways for new additional studies, the need for which could be pressing. 34

35. References/Bibliography List all literature cited in your paper, in alphabetical order, by first author. (Standards vary) In a proper research paper, only primary literature is used (original research articles authored by the original investigators). Avoid to include a web site as a reference. If you are citing an on line journal, use the journal citation (name, volume, year, page numbers). Use Reference Management Software Tools to save time such as; Zotero : http://www.zotero.org Mendeley: http:// www.mendeley.com   EndNote: https:// endnote.com Papers: http://papersapp.com/ Publons : https://publons.com/about/home/ 35

36. Thesis Evaluation See Thesis evaluation form 36

37. Writing Guidelines (Self Reading) 37

38. Citations and References REFERENCES are collected in a list that embraces all sources that have been quoted in the text; and they are ordered either: Name-Date System : Alphabetically according the author’s name and publication date, The names of authors are written, succeeded by the dates of publication of the cited works in the text, between brackets, and which correspond to cited works bibliographic list, at the end of the thesis. E.g., ( Kroto , McDonald, and Osman 1985), (Raven et al. 1998 ) When a citation is done with more than one reference for the same piece of information, the separate citations are written consecutively, e.g., ( Kroto , McDonald, and Osman 1985 ) (Raven et al. 1998 ) in a chronological order. The bibliographic list is entitled under the heading “REFERENCES”. The references are ordered alphabetically, according to the family name or surname, for all sources; and the ordering should be chronological (the older than the latter) for the same author, whether sole or with others. Numeration System : In the same order of citing in the document. The references are numerated consecutively in the text, between brackets, and according to their appearance for the first time in it, starting with number [15]. If the use of the same reference is repeated, it should not be given a new number but rather assigned the original referential one. When a citation is done with more than one reference for the same piece of information, the numbers of references are mentioned in an ascending ordering and are separated by commas [2,5,8]. If the numbers are in the form of a consecutive series of three or more references, a dash is written between the first and last one, [3-5,10] See The Guidelines of writing References 38

39. Quotation A researcher could take others’ opinions or expose their views, for the purpose of citation, discussion, comparison or any other intention serving the thesis. A quotation could be literal or rephrased , by the researcher in his/her own way, in the text. The literal quotation is defined as a direct quotation; and The rephrased quotation by the author, as an indirect quotation. The quote should be related to its owner, and its source should be cited according to a citation methodology. The quoted script commences and ends with quotation marks and it is preceded by a colon. at the end of the quoted script write down the citation in the proper format as used in the document. The researcher has no right to distort any quoted information, especially in case of an indirect quotation; and it is not allowed, in the direct quotation, to take out part of the script, so as to deviate the meaning from that intended by its owner. If the number of words of the quoted script exceeds 60 words, it should be brought out as a paragraph, away from the margin by four spaces, and if it is less than that, it could be written within the text. (even if there were mistakes, they should be transcribed as they were). If a researcher wishes to add or explain something within the context of the quoted script, this should be done between two square brackets [ ]. If a researcher wishes to strike off an expression or sentence that does not distort the meaning intended by the originator, it should be done by using the ellipsis marks (……). If a researcher wishes to refer to mistakes in the quoted script, he/she should transcribe them as they are and writes after them [sic] between two square brackets. If a researcher wishes to confirm a word or expression by underlining it, he/she should write after it and between two brackets (emphasis is mine); 39

40. Figures and Tables Each Table or Figure should have a numbered caption (Tables have different serials than those of the Figures). Table captions are placed above the table, e.g., Table 1: Comparison between x & y . Figure caption is placed below the figure, e.g., Figure 1: A Diagram Showing the Relation between X & Y . Tables and Figures are written immediately after the text citing them or as close as possible to them, if the page cannot accommodate them . No Figure or Table found without a citation and vice versa. If a Figure is copied from a reference, citation must be properly set at the end of the caption. If a table is too big (3 pages or more), it should be presented as an appendix, at the end of the thesis. 40

41. Abbreviations Abbreviations and acronyms avoid repetition and prevent phrasing deficiency. The acronym/abbreviation should be defined when mentioned for the first time, then the acronym/abbreviation is placed between Brackets. 41

42. Thesis Typing A thesis is typed on only one face A marginal space of 4cm will be left on the side (to allow for binding). The whole thesis is written with two–space lines except for the following : Abstract : It is typed with single-space lines. Quotations : They are typed with lines having one and half spaces, and away from the margin by four spaces. Notes : They are typed with single-space lines. The first line begins away from the margin by two spaces, but the preceding lines start just from the margin. References : They are typed with single space lines of the same reference. The first line of each reference begins from the margin of the page, and the following lines start away from the margin by four spaces and leaving two spaces between the individual references. Leave two spaces above and below the following : Mathematical Equations, Main Headings, Quotations, The Notes if used by the researcher, The successive paragraphs . 42

43. Thesis Pagination The preliminary pages are numbered with Roman Numerals ( i,ii,iii,iv .. etc ) which should be lower case (small letters). The Paging begins after Albasmalla Page (if Any), and it commences with the acknowledgement page. The thesis text, the references and the appendices are numbered consecutively, using Arabic Numerals (1, 2, 3… etc ), starting from the first page of the introduction to the last page of the appendices. The Page Roman or Arabic Numeral centers the bottom of the page. 43

44. For LaTex users For those who use LaTex as editing software, you should know about BibTex and JabRef . Furthermore, you have the possibility from any other software such as Zotero to export in BibTex . 44

45. Presentation Guidelines 45

46. Introduction: Making presentations The aim is good, clear communication. Most people are afraid of public speaking. There is no substitute for preparation . Collect and order relevant material.

47. OUTLINE Introduction Making presentations, Put your audience first! Speaking style, Time keeping Using notes, Composure Practical issues, pitfalls to avoid Preparing the content Tell ` em , Tell ` em , and Tell ` em Visual aids What makes a good presentation? - Some guidelines 47

48. Introduction: Put your audience first! Prepare the opening sentences carefully. Use a non-technical opening…… but only if it’s relevant. Avoid openings like “Thank you Mr Chairman for those kind words. It is a great pleasure to be here again in this great ……” Throw your audience straight into the story “Is it possible to personalize books to each individual student?” 48

49. Introduction: Speaking style. An informal, conversational style is best. Avoid long, complicated sentences. Vary tone of voice to give expression. Vary the speed of delivery to provide emphasis. But don’t speak too quickly: fast deliveries are difficult to understand. 49

50. Introduction: Time keeping. Don’t speak for too long. People remember up to 40% of a 15 minute talk, but only 20% after 45 minutes. Assume a presentation rate of 100 words per minute. Keep to time! 50

51. Introduction: Using notes. NEVER read a script. Write out the text. List the key words to form your notes. Produce notes on cards rather than paper. Keep notes in order with a treasury tag. Practise… in front of a mirror! 51

52. Introduction: Composure. Hold your notes in one hand; let the other hang by your side. Look at the audience - but not at one person! Start slowly, having learned the first sentence. Be aware of mannerisms and repeated gestures. 52

53. Introduction: Practical issues Explore the layout of the lecture room BEFOREHAND. Understand how to control the projectors, microphones, lights, video….. Do not speak while turning away from the microphone to look at a slide. Overhead projectors should project upwards Do not obscure the slide projection. 53

54. Introduction: pitfalls to avoid Never, NEVER apologies for being an inexperienced speaker. Never say: “ You have seen all this before ” “ You know more about this than I do ” Audiences will be embarrassed - they are on your side. Nervousness leads to uncertainty about your material. 54

55. Introduction: pitfalls to avoid Never try to be a stand up comic. Be humorous, but humo u r is often at someone’s expense - make it your own. It is easy to offend people - and lose their sympathy. Humo u r depends on timing. A joke that falls flat is embarrassing. 55

56. OUTLINE Introduction Making presentations, Put your audience first! Speaking style, Time keeping Using notes, Composure Practical issues, pitfalls to avoid Preparing the content Tell ` em , Tell ` em , and Tell ` em Visual aids What makes a good presentation? - Some guidelines 56

57. Preparing the content The old salesman’s adage contains a good deal of truth: Tell ‘ em what you’re going to tell them; Don’t pack too much information into a talk. Start with a brain map - and then order the material into a sequence. 57

58. Preparing the content: Visual aids To point to an OHP, use the mouse. Slides should not be cluttered with information. Use color to emphasize a point and not for its own sake. The minimum size font on an OHP should be 16 point. 58

59. OUTLINE Introduction Making presentations, Put your audience first! Speaking style, Time keeping Using notes, Composure Practical issues, pitfalls to avoid Preparing the content Tell ` em , Tell ` em , and Tell ` em Visual aids What makes a good presentation? - Some guidelines 59

60. What makes a good presentation? - Some guidelines Guideline 1 - Consider whom the presentation is designed for. Think about the audience. Do they know much about the subject? Are you using jargon or symbols that they are unfamiliar with? If you are talking to a small number of people, then they should be able to see the computer screen without any problems. If there are a large number of people, then you will need to use a projector of some sort. Guideline 2 - Keep the slides simple and uncluttered. Don’t put in any more or any less than is required Guideline 3- Make sure that the slides are legible, even from the back of the room. If you are making a presentation using a projector, then the characters need to be a minimum of 0.5 cm high for the audience who are 100 metres away. For more mature people, the minimum height needs to be 1 cm. Guideline 4 - Highlight key information Make it easy for the audience to pick out the most important details. Guideline 5 - Focus attention on one concept at a time Make sure that you are not giving the audience too much to think about at any one time. Guideline 6 - Reinforce your conclusion Finish the presentation with a summary of the main points that you want to make sure that the audience has understood. 60

61. Presentation Guidelines In summary, we have Six Guidelines Who the presentation is designed for Keep slides simple Slides must be legible Highlight key information One concept at a time Reinforce your conclusion How to assess your Presentation? 61

62. Oral Presentation Rubric 62