Lab Automation Final version.pptx

LAB AUTOMATION

1. Automation in Clinical Laboratory

2. Definition The process whereby an analytical instrument performs many tests with only minimum involvement of an analyst.

3. Advantages of Automation Increased number of tests can be done Minimizes the variations Errors of manual analysis is eliminated Very small amount of reagent and samples are used

4. Automation In Clinical Chemistry The analytic process can be divided into three major phases— preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic The analytic phase is the most automated, and more research and development efforts are focusing on increasing automation of the preanalytic and postanalytic processes.

5. Autoanalyzers Discreet analysers Flow analyzers Random access analyzers Centrifugal analyzers Continuous flow

6. Types of Analyzers Continuous Flow Tubing flow of reagents and patients samples Centrifugal Analyzers Centrifuge force to mix sample and reagents Discrete Separate testing cuvettes for each test and sample Random access

7. Continuous Flow The major drawbacks 🡪 carry-over problems and wasteful use of continuously flowing reagents.

8. Centrifugal Analyzers It uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer and then contain liquids in separate cuvettes for measurement at the perimeter of a spinning rotor

9. Discrete analyzers Discrete analysis is the separation of each sample and accompanying reagents in a separate container. Discrete analyzers have the capability of running multiple tests on one sample at a time or multiple samples one test at a time . They are the most popular and versatile analyzers and have almost completely replaced continuous-flow and centrifugal analyzers.

10. Discrete Analyzers Sample reactions are kept discrete through the use of separate reaction cuvettes, cells, slides, or wells that are disposed of following chemical analysis. This keeps sample and reaction carryover to a minimum but increases the cost per test due to disposable products.

11. Beckman coulter AU680

12. Beckman coulter AU5800

13. Sample acquisition Manual Robotic system

14. Analytical process Specimen Identification Specimen Delivery Specimen processing Sample loading and aspiration Reagent handling and storage Reagent delivery Chemical reaction phase Measurement approaches Signal processing and data handling

15. Specimen Identification Bar coding Optical character recognition Magnetic stripe Radiofrequency identification (RFID) Smart cards

16. Bar coding

17. Specimen delivery Human carriers or runners Pneumatic tube delivery systems Electric-track-driven vehicles Mobile robots Conveyors and/or track systems

18. Sample preparation Clotting time Centrifugation Transfer of sample to an analyzer cup

19. Sample preparation

20. Sample preparation Usually manual but can be automated when: Using whole blood for analysis Use of plasma separator tube and primary tube sampling with heparinized plasma Use of pre-analytical module

21. Sample delivery Sample rack Sample cups Sample probes

22. Sample rack

23. Sample cups

24. Sample probes Peristaltic pumps Robotic arm Positive liquid displacement pipettes

25. Positive liquid displacement pipettes Dispense only sample Flush sample with diluent

26. Reagent systems & delivery Reagent system Reagent handling/storage Reagent dispensing

27. Reagent systems Liquid/dry reagents Open vs closed system

28. Reagent handling Reagents refrigerated until the moment of need and then quickly preincubate them to the reaction temperature Dry regent ,to be reconstituted when required Manufacture the reagent in two stable compounds that will be combined at the moment of reaction

29. Biochemical reaction phase Mixing Incubation

30. Biochemical reaction phase Chemical reaction phase occurs in cuvettes which may or may not be disposable.

31. Mixing Forceful dispensing Vigorous lateral displacement Stirring paddles/probes Magnetic stir bars Ultrasonic waves Coiled loops

32. Incubation Circulating water bath Dry incubator bath : cuvette allowed to incubate with in a chamber containing circulating air from heated metal blocks Fluorocarbon oil incubation bath Peltier thermal electric module-Peltier ring consist of quartz/glass cuvettes surrounded on three sides by copper

33. Measurement Approaches Photometry/Spectrophotometry Reflectance Photometry Fluorometry Turbidimetry and Nephelometry Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence Electrochemical

34. Post analytical processes Data acquisition & calculation Monitoring Display Control, data storage, communication

35. Steps in the automated systems Specimen identification Specimen delivery Specimen preparation Specimen loading and aspiration Labelling, bar coding Courier service, pneumatic tube system, electric track vehicle, mobile robots

36. Steps in the automated systems Sample introduction and internal transport Reagent handing and storage Reagent delivery Continuous flow analyser, discrete processing system Reagent identification, open vs closed system

37. Steps in the automated systems Chemical reaction phase Measurement approach Signal processing, data handing and process control Type of reaction vessel and cuvette, timing of reaction, mixing of reactants, thermal regulation Photo/spectophotometer, reflectance photometry, flurometry, turbitimetry, nephelometry, chemiluminescene, electrochemical

38. Total Laboratory Automation Many analyzers performing different types of tests on different sample matrices are physically integrated as modular systems or physically connected by assembly lines.

39. TOTAL LABORATORY AUTOMATION

40. Advantages Lower costs on the long term Decreased congestion in the laboratory Improved efficiency Improved sample management and traceability Lippi G, Da Rin G. Advantages and limitations of total laboratory automation: a personal overview. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019 May 27;57(6):802-811.

41. Advantages Improved quality of testing Lower sample volume More efficient integration of tests results Lower biological risk for operators Lippi G, Da Rin G. Advantages and limitations of total laboratory automation: a personal overview. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019 May 27;57(6):802-811.

42. Limitations Higher costs on the short term Increased costs for supplies(maintenance, energy,supplies) Space requirement and infrastructure Constraints Increased generation of noise, heat and vibrations Increased risk of downtime Lippi G, Da Rin G. Advantages and limitations of total laboratory automation: a personal overview. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019 May 27;57(6):802-811.

43. Limitations Differential requirements for sample management Generation of potential bottlenecks Disruption of staff trained in specific technologies Risk of transition toward a manufacturer’s driven laboratory Lippi G, Da Rin G. Advantages and limitations of total laboratory automation: a personal overview. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2019 May 27;57(6):802-811.

44. Beckman Coulter: DxA 5000

45. COBAS 8100

46. Manual Processes replaced by Automation and IT

47. Thank You