LAMARKIA CADAMBA - PPT PRESENTATION.pptx

It explains indepth about identifican, evaluation and extraction methods used in Neolmarkia cadamba

1. “ Preliminary Phytochemical Screening, Pharmacognostic evaluation and in vitro Antioxidant , Antidiabetic Activity of Neolamarckia cadamba   Leaf Extracts” By 22ACIR0076 ,22AC1R0077,22AC1R0083,22AC1R0089,22AC1R0090, 22ACIR0094(4 TH BPHARMACY) Under the guidance of Prof. D RAMADEVI MAM (PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT) VIGNAN INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

2. Introduction Plant Profile Aim and Objectives Pharmacognostic Evaluation Preparation of Extracts Preliminary Phytochemical Screening In Vitro Antioxidant Activity In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity Results  Conclusion CONTENTS

3. Introduction: Neolamarckia cadamba (Family- Rubiaceae ) commonly called kadamba enjoys a hallowed position in Ayurveda- an Indian indigenous system of medicine. It is also named as Kadam . The tree is a medium to large sized deciduous tree attaining a height of 20-40 m and a girth of about 2-2.5 m with clean cylindrical branches and rounded crown. It is frequently found all over the India on the slopes of evergreen forests up to 500 m. It is found in the sub- himalayan tract from Nepal eastwards on the lower hills of Darjeeling terai in West Bengal where it is common; in Chota Nagpur (Bihar), Orissa and Andhra Pradesh, in the Andamans , it is very common in damp places along large streams, and in Karnataka and Kerala on the west coast, and western ghats at low level in wet places. The leaves are slightly aromatic with unpleasant taste but the decoction of leaves good for ulcers, wounds, and metorrhea . Additionally, it is useful in the treatment of snake-bite. It is often used in the form of powder ( nygrodhadi kvatha churna ) which is a herbal formulation.

4. Plant Profile: Classification of Neolamarckia cadamba : Vernacular names : Sanskrit Kadambah , Vrtta puspa & Priyaka English Wild cinchona Hindi Kadamb , Kadam Assam Roghu , Kadam Tamil Vellaikkatampu , Arattam & Kadappai Telugu Kadambamu , Kadimi chettu Malayalam Katampu , Attutekka Indonesia Jabon Malaysia Kalempayan Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Tracheobionta Superdivision Spermatophyta Division Magnoliophyta Subclass Asteridae Order Rubiales Family Rubiaceae Genus Neolamarckia Species cadamba

5. Aim & Objectives: To perform pharmacognostic evaluation To conduct phytochemical screening To evaluate in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities

6. Pharmacognostic Evaluation: Includes macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical analyses such as total ash value, extractive values, and fluorescence studies. A)Macroscopic (Morphological) Examination: This test involves the careful observation of the leaf’s external features with the naked eye or a magnifying glass. The Neolamarckiacadamba leaf is elliptic-oblong in shape, with an entire (smooth) margin and an acute apex. The base of the leaf shows a pulvinated structure, meaning the petiole is swollen where it joins the leaf blade. The leaf surface is smooth and covered with unicellular, simple trichomes (hair-like structures). When crushed, the leaves give off a characteristic aromatic odor which helps in preliminary identification. B)Microscopy : The microscopic study of Neolamarckia cadamba leaf showed the presence of simple elongated, unicellular trichomes , rubiaceous types of stomata on the lower side of the leaf, starch grains, crystals of calcium oxalate, wedge-shaped vascular bundles, phloem in the form of ring and oil globules. The leaves of Neolamarckia cadamba having methyl salicylate aroma when crushed by hands.

7. Physicochemical analysis 1.MoistureContent / Loss on Drying : Determines the water content in plant materials, which is important for storage and prevention of microbial growth. Loss on Drying 6.75 ± 0.12. 2.Ash Values: Total Ash: Indicates the total amount of inorganic salts. Acid-insoluble Ash: Measures siliceous matter, e.g., sand and soil. Insoluble Ash - 2.57 ± 0.014 Water-soluble Ash: Evaluates water-soluble inorganic compounds. Water Soluble Ash 2.19 ± 0.12 3. Swelling Index : It quantifies the material Ability to increase in volume by absorbing liquid - 23% 4. pH of Extracts: Indicates acidic or basic nature, affecting stability and solubility of constituents. Ph 7-8 ( neutral ) 5.fluorescence :The fluorescence characteristics of the leaf powders was examined in the daylight as well as under UV light (254 nm and 365 nm), after treatment with different reagents like ferric chloride, glacial acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, iodine, nitric acid, and sodium hydroxide. 6. Foaming Index :it is used evaluate saponins present in extract. (166.67)

8. Preparation of Extracts: Fresh leaves of the Kadamba tree ( Neolamarckia cadamba ) were collected from the nearby locality. The collected leaves were thoroughly washed with water to remove dust and impurities. The cleaned leaves were then shade-dried (or sun-dried) for about one week until they became completely moisture-free. The dried leaves were ground into a fine powder using a mechanical grinder. The obtained powder was subjected to solvent extraction using suitable solvents (such as ethanol, methanol, or aqueous solution). The prepared extract was then used for phytochemical screening to identify the presence of various bioactive constituents like carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and  saponins .

9. Preliminary Phytochemical Screening:

10. Results: S.No NAME OF THE TEST BUTANOL EXTRACT CHLOROFORM EXTRACT AQUEOUS EXTRACT 1. ALKALOIDS Dragendroff’s test Wagner’s test Mayer’s test Hager’s test   + +   + +     + +   + +   - -   - - 2. AMINO ACIDS Millon’s test Ninhydrin test Biuret test   + + +     - -   -   + +   + 3. CARBOHYDRATES Molisch’s test Barfoed’s test   + +   - -   + + 4. GLYCOSIDES Borntrager’s test ModifiedBorntrager’s test   + +   - -   + + 5. FLAVONOIDS Shinoda test Alkaline reagent test   + +   - -   + + 6. TANNINS Ferric chloride test   +   -   + 7. SAPONINS Froth formation test   +   -   + 8. PHENOLS Lead acetate test   +   -   + 9. STEROIDS AND TRITERPENOIDS Liebermann Burchards test Salkowski’s test     + +     + +     - -

11. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity: The plant is rich in naturally occurring antioxidants such as flavonoids (including quercetin and rutin), phenolic compounds, tannins, and triterpenoids. These compounds play a crucial role in neutralizing free radicals and preventing oxidative stress, which is a key factor in the development of various chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative conditions. The antioxidant activity of Neolamarckiacadamba is often assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, a standard and reliable method for measuring free radical neutralizing capacity. In this test, different concentrations of Neolamarckia cadamba ( Roxb .) Bosserleaf ,typically methanolic are mixed with a methanolic solution of DPPH, a stable free radical that appears deep violet in color. Upon reaction with antioxidants present in the extract, DPPH is reduced, resulting in a color change from purple to yellow. The extent of this color change is measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm, and the percentage of radical scavenging activity is calculated by comparing the absorbance of the control (DPPH without extract) and the sample. % inhibition = Ao-A1 / Ao X100 Where, Ao = is the Absorbance of the control, A1= is the Absorbance of the extract.

12. Concentrtion (µg/mL) Ascorbic acid (µg) Methanol extract (µg) 20 27.87 4.22 40 42.76 9.55 60 58.32 20.44 80 73.79 32.16 100 80.96 40.28 120 90.61 48.16 Concentration dependent percent inhibition of DPPH radical by Neolamarckia cadamba extract and Ascorbic acid in In-vitro studies Sample taken IC 50 value (µg) Met .OH.ext. 367 Ascorbic acid 80 In-vitro 50% inhibition concentration (IC 50 ) of methanolic extract and Ascorbic acid on DPPH.

13. In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity   The α-amylase inhibitors are a class of antidiabetic drugs that block the hydrolysis of carbohydrates, decreasing its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and aiding in controlling the blood glucose level Prepare α-amylase enzyme solution (2 U/mL) in phosphate buffer (0.02 M, pH 6.9, with 6 mM NaCl).Mix 200 µL of enzyme with 200 µL of extract (10–1000 µg/mL).Incubate the mixture at 30°C for 10 minutes.Add 200 µL of 1% starch solution and incubate again for 3 minutes.Stop the reaction with 200 µL of 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid Boil the mixture for 10 minutes at 85–90°C, cool, and dilute to 5 mL with distilled water. Measure absorbance in uv spectrophotometer at 540 nm. Calculate % inhibition using: Antidiabetic activity of Neolamarckia cadamba

14. Conclusion The leaf record of Neolamarckia cadamba reveals the plant's wide-ranging importance in botany, traditional medicine, and environmental conservation. Its distinct leaf morphology, coupled with proven medicinal properties, makes it a valuable resource.. Moreover, its fast growth and ecological benefits support its use in reforestation and sustainable land management. In conclusion, Neolamarckiacadamba is not just a botanically significant species but also a promising candidate for future research in herbal medicine and environmental restoration. Its leaves, rich in therapeutic properties, underline the potential of traditional knowledge in contributing to modern science and sustainable development.

15. Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who supported and guided me in the successful completion of this work for the subject Herbal Drug Technology. First and foremost, I extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Y Srinivas rao sir , Principal vignan institute of pharmaceutical technology , for providing me with the opportunity and necessary facilities to carry out this work. I am especially grateful to my subject guide Dr.D.Rama Devi mam, for her valuable guidance, continuous support, and encouragement throughout the completion of this record. Their expertise and insights into the subject have been invaluable. I also thank all the faculty members and non-teaching staff of the department for their help and cooperation during the course of this work.

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