LANDSCAPE TREES

TYPES OF TREES ,SOIL , PLANT , STONE
HERBS
SHRUBS
CLIMBERS
TREES
ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN
TREES NAME

1. S U BJECT : LAND S CA P E DE S IGN TOPIC: SOIL,TREES,PLANT ,STONE

2. SOIL SOILS ARE COMPLEX MIXTURES OF MINERALS, WATER, AIR, ORGANIC MATTER, AND COUNTLESS ORGANISMS THAT ARE THE DECAYING REMAINS OF ONCE LIVING THINGS. IT FORMS AT THE SURFACE OF LAND IT IS THE “SKIN OF THE EARTH.” SOIL IS CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING PLANT LIFE AND IS VITAL TO LIFE ON EARTH. TYPES OF SOIL:- ALLUVIAL SOILS BLACK SOILS RED SOILS MOUNTAIN SOILS DESERT SOILS LATERITE SOIL SALINE AND ALKALINE SOIL PEATY & MARSHY SOIL RESIDUAL SOIL MARINE SOIL GLACIAL SOIL AEOLIAN SOIL

3. SOIL 1. ALLUVIAL SOILS:- THESE SOILS COVER 15 LAKH SQUARE KILOMETRES FROM THE SATLUJ PLAINS IN THE WEST TO THE LOWER GANGA- BRAHMAPUTRA VALLEY IN THE EAST AND ALONG EAST AND WEST COASTS IN THE COASTAL PLAINS. THE DESERT ALLUVIUM OR LOESS IS BROUGHT-BY WIND EROSION. THESE SOILS HAVE A MATURE PROFILE IN FLAT LANDS AND AN IMMATURE PROFILE IN AN UNDULATING SURFACE. ALLUVIAL SOIL IS FORMED WHEN A SOIL CARRYING STREAM, GRADUALLY LOSES ITS CARRYING C A PA C ITY W ITH DE C R E A S I N G VELOCITY. IN SLOWING DOWN , A RI V ER D O ES N O T HA V E SU FFICIENT POWER TO KEEP THE LARGE PARTICLES OF SOIL SUSPENDED; THESE PARTICLES SETTLE TO THE RIVERBED. FURTHER DECREASE IN VELOCITY CAUSES SMALLER PARTICLES TO SETTLE. THESE PARTICLES ARE DEPOSITED, FINALLY, AT THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER, WHERE THEY FORM DELTAS OF FINE-GRAINED SOIL.

4. SOIL ALLUVIAL SOILS:- IT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT TYPE OF SOIL FOUND IN INDIA COVERING ABOUT 40 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL LAND AREA. IT IS VERY FERTILE AND CONTRIBUTES THE LARGEST SHARE OF AGRICULTURAL WEALTH. MANY RIVERS ORIGINATE FROM THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS AND BRING A LARGE AMOUNT OF SEDIMENT WITH THEM. IT IS DEPOSITED IN THE RIVER VALLEYS AND THE FLOOD PLAINS. THUS, THE PARENT MATERIAL OF THE ALLUVIAL SOILS IS ALWAYS OF TRANSPORTED ORIGIN. THE FINE PARTICLES OF SAND, SILT AND CLAY ARE CALLED ALLUVIUM. THE ALLUVIAL SOIL CAN BE DIVIDED INTO OLD ALLUVIUM, ALSO CALLED BANGAR, AND NEW ALLUVIUM, CALLED KHADAR. REMEMBER, THE NEW ALLUVIUM CAN BE ABOUT TEN THOUSAND YEARS OLD.

5. SOIL THE FINE PARTICLES OF SAND, SILT AND CLAY ARE CALLED ALLUVIUM. THE ALLUVIAL SOIL CAN BE DIVIDED INTO OLD ALLUVIUM, ALSO CALLED BANGAR, AND NEW ALLUVIUM, CALLED KHADAR. REMEMBER, THE NEW ALLUVIUM CAN BE ABOUT TEN THOUSAND YEARS OLD.

6. SOIL 2.BLACK SOILS :- THESE SOILS COVER FIVE LAKH SQUARE KILOMETRES IN MAHARASHTRA, PARTS OF KARNATAKA, TAMIL NADU, ANDHRA PRADESH, MADHYA PRADESH AND GUJARAT. BLACK SOIL ALSO KNOWN AS REGUR OR BLACK COTTON SOIL AND HAVE A CHARACTERISTICALLY BLACK APPEARANCE. BECAUSE OF A HIGH CLAY CONTENT, THESE SOILS EXPAND WHEN WET AND BECOME DIFFICULT TO PLOUGH. DURING THE DRY SEASON, THE BLACK SOILS SHRINK AND DEVELOP BIG CRACKS. HIGHLY SUITABLE FOR COTTON. RICH IN IRON, LIME, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, CARBONATES, AND ALUMINA.

7. SOIL 3.RED SOILS :- RED SOILS DEVELOP ON GRANITE AND GENESES ROCKS UNDER LOW RAINFALL CONDITION. THE DISSEMINATION OF RED OXIDES OF IRON GIVES THE CHARACTERISTIC RED COLOR OF THE SOIL. MOST OF THE RED SOIL HAS BEEN FORMED DUE TO WEATHERING OF IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS. THESE SOILS ARE FRIABLE AND MEDIUM FERTILE AND FOUND MAINLY IN ALMOST WHOLE OF TAMIL NADU, SOUTH-EASTERN KARNATAKA, NORTH-EASTERN AND SOUTH-EASTERN MADHYA PRADESH, JHARKHAND THE MAJOR PARTS OF ORISSA . BUT THESE HAVE CAPACITY TO GROW GOOD CROPS AFTER TAKING HELP OF IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZERS. ON THE UPLANDS, THE RED SOIL IS THIN, POOR, AND POROUS AND HAS LOOSE GRAVEL.

8. SOIL 4.MOUNTAIN SOILS : FOUND IN HILL SLOPES. FORMED BY DEPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER FROM FOREST. RICH IN HUMUS. POOR IN POTASH AND LIME. AREAS: ASSAM, KASHMIR, SIKKIM & ARUNACHAL PRADESH. TEA, COFFEE, SPICES & TROPICAL FRUITS. THE MOUNTAIN SOIL IS FORMED MAINLY DUE TO THE DEPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER PROVIDED BY THE FORESTS. THIS SOIL IS RICH IN HUMUS, BUT POOR IN POTASH, PHOSPHORUS AND LIME. IT IS HETEROGENEOUS IN NATURE AND VARIES FROM PLACE TO PLACE. THE MOUNTAIN SOIL IS SANDY WITH GRAVELS.

9. SOIL 5.DESERT SOILS :- THESE SOILS COVER 1.4 LAKH SQUARE KILOMETRES. THE THAR DESERT ALONE ACCOUNTS FOR 1 LAKH SQUARE KILOMETRES F»ND THE REST IS SPREAD OVER SOUTHERN PUNJAB, RAJASTHAN AND HARYANA, WHERE THE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS LESS THAN 50 CENTIMETRES. THESE SOILS ARE COVERED WITH A THICK BROWN MANTLE WHICH INHIBITS SOIL GROWTH. DESERT SOILS ARE DERIVED FROM ADJOINING ROCKS AND THE COASTAL REGION. THEY ARE SANDY, COARSE AND ALKALINE, RICH IN SOLUBLE SALTS (PHOSPHATES AND NITRATES, THOUGH ACTUAL NITRATE CONTENT IS LOW). THEREFORE, THESE ARE ACTUALLY FERTILE SOILS, WATER BEING THE ONLY LIMITING FACTOR FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. POOR IN ORGANIC MATTER, THEY HAVE A VARYING PERCENTAGE OF LIME. DESERT SOILS CAN BE RECLAIMED THROUGH GOOD IRRIGATION. DESERT SOIL CONTAINS SOLUBLE SALTS. ORIGINATED BY MECHANICAL DISINTEGRATION & WIND DEPOSIT POROUS AND COARSE. 90% SAND & 5% CLAY. RICH IN NITRATES & PHOSPHATES. POOR IN NITROGEN & HUMUS. FRIABLE, SANDY & LOW MOIST CONTENT.

10. SOIL THE DESERT SOIL IS FOUND MOSTLY IN THE ARID AND SEMI-ARID REGIONS, RECEIVING LESS THAN 50 CM OF ANNUAL RAINFALL. SUCH REGIONS ARE MOSTLY FOUND IN RAJASTHAN AND THE ADJOINING AREAS OF HARYANA AND PUNJAB. THE RAN OF KUTCH IN GUJARAT IS AN EXTENSION OF THIS REGION. THE SAND IN THE DESERT AREAS IS PARTLY OF LOCAL ORIGIN AND PARTLY BEING BLOWN IN FROM THE INDUS VALLEY. IN SOME REGIONS THIS SOIL HAS HIGH PERCENTAGE OF SOLUBLE SALTS, BUT LACKS IN ORGANIC MATTER. THE NITROGEN CONTENT IS LOW, BUT THE PHOSPHATE CONTENT IS AS HIGH AS IN NORMAL ALLUVIAL SOIL.

11. SOIL 6. LATERITE SOIL :- These soils are formed due to intense leaching and are well developed on the summits of hills and uplands. They are commonly found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and hilly areas of Orissa and Assam. These are typical soils of the tropics and are the end product of decomposition when high rainfall leaches away calcium and silica leaving behind iron with silica.

12. SOIL 7. SALINE AND ALKALINE SOIL:- SALINE & ALKALINE SOIL CONTAINS SALTS LIKE SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM. INFERTILE, UNFIT FOR CULTIVATION. SANDY TO LOAMY IN TEXTURE. AREAS: PARTS OF GUJARAT,RAJASTHAN,PUNJAB,HARYANA,U.P MAHARASHTRA.

13. SOIL 8.PEATY AND MARSHY SOIL:- PEATY AND MARSHY SOIL OCCUR IN HUMID REGION. FORMED BY ACCUMULATION OF ORGANIC MATTER. BLACK IN COLOUR. HIGHLY ACIDIC AND HEAVY .

14. SOIL 9.RESIDUAL SOIL:- Residual soils are those that remain at the place of their formation as result of the weathering of the parent rocks. The depth of residual soils depends primarily on climatic conditions and the time of espouser. In temperate zones residual soils are commonly stiff and stable. An important ch a r a cteristics of r esidual s o i l i s that the s izes of grains are indefinite.

15. SOIL 10.MARINE SOIL:- MARINE SOIL IS FORMED FROM MATERIALS CARRIED INTO THE SEAS BY STREAMS AND BY MATERIAL ERODED FROM THE BEACHES BY THE TIDAL ACTION OF THE W AV E S. P A RT OF THE MATER I AL IS CARRIED OUT AND DEPOSITED IN DEEP WATER; PART IS HEAPED UPON THE BEACHES ALONG THE COAST.

16. SOIL 11. GLACIAL SOIL:- GLACIERS CARRY WITH THEM SOILS VARYING IN SIZE FROM FINE GRAINED TO HUGE BOULDER. SOIL GET MIXED WITH THE ICE AND ARE TRANSPORTED FAR AWAY FROM THEIR ORIGINAL POSITION. DRIFT IS A GENERAL TERM USED FOR THE DEPOSITS MADE BY GLACIERS

17. SOIL 12. AEOLINE SOIL:- A TYPE OF SOIL THAT IS TRANSPORTED FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER BY THE WIND.E.G SAND DUNES,LOESS.

18. SAND SOIL SILT SOIL CLAY SOIL SIZE OF P A R T ICL ES Large pa r ti c l e s M ed i u m pa r ti c l es Tiny p a r ti c l e s AIR GAPS W A T E R DRAIN Large air gaps Less air gaps Few air gaps Water drains easily ( high permeability ) Water drains slowly ( permeable ) Water does not drain easily ( low permeability )

19. TYPES OF SOILS STATES WHERE FOUND RICH IN: LACKS IN: CROPS GROWN ALLUVIAL MAINLY FOUND IN THE PLAINS OF GUJARAT,  PUNJAB, HARYANA, UP, BIHAR, JHARKHAND ETC. POTASH AND LIME NITROGEN AND PHOSPHOROUS LARGE VARIETY OF RABI AND KHARIF CROPS SUCH AS WHEAT, RICE, SUGARCANE, COTTON, JUTE ETC. BLACK (REGUR SOIL) DECCAN PLATEAU- MAHARASHTRA, MADHYA PRADESH, GUJARAT, ANDHRA PRADESH,TAMIL NADU, VALLEYS OF KRISHNA AND GODAVARI. LIME, IRON, MAGNESIA AND ALUMINA, POTASH PHOSPHOROUS, NITROGEN AND ORGANIC MATTER COTTON, SUGARCANE, JOWAR, TOBACCO, WHEAT, RICE ETC. RED EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PART OF THE DECCAN PLATEAU, ORISSA, CHATTISGARH AND SOUTHERN PARTS OF THE MIDDLE GANGA PLAIN. IRON AND POTASH NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS AND HUMUS. WHEAT, RICE, COTTON, SUGARCANE AND PULSES

20. TYPES OF SOILS STATES WHERE FOUND RICH IN: LACKS IN: CROPS GROWN LATERITE KARNATAKA, KERALA, TAMILNADU, MADHYA PRADESH, ASSAM AND ORISSA HILLS. IRON OXIDE AND POTASH ORGANIC MATTER, NITROGEN, PHOSPHATE AND CALCIUM CASHEWNUTS, TEA, COFFEE, RUBBER ARID AND DESERT WESTERN RAJASTAN, NORTH GUJARAT AND SOUTHERN PUNJAB SOLUBLE SALTS, PHOSPHATE HUMUS, NITROGEN ONLY DROUGHT RESISTANT AND SALT TOLERANT CROPS SUCH AS BARLEY, RAPE, COTTON, MILLETS MAIZE AND PULSES SALINE AND ALKALINE WESTERN GUJARAT, DELTAS OF EASTERN COAST, SUNDERBAN AREAS OF WEST BENGAL, PUNJAB AND HARYANA SODIUM, POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM NITROGEN AND CALCIUM UNFIT FOR AGRICULTURE

21. PLANT ON T H E B A SIS OF GROW TH H A BITS : IF W E CO N SI D E R P L A NTS, B A SED O N T H E I R H E I G H T SOME AR E T O O SH ORT W H I L E SOME AR E T O O T A L L TO CL IMB. B E SI D E S THE H E I G HT , STEM T H I CKN ESS, D E L I CACY A L SO V A RI ES. H E NC E , O N T H E B A SIS O F TH E I R GR O W TH H A B ITS TH E Y AR E CLASS I FIED A S FO L L O W S : PLANT HE R BS SH R UBS TREES CLIMB E RS AND CR E E P ERS

22. PLANT GRASS HURBS SHRUB CLIMBING PLANT CREEPLING PLANT GRASS HURBS SHRUB CREEPLING PLANT TYPES OF PLANT :-

23. PLANT HERBS : STARTI N G FROM TH E SMAL L EST , H E RB I S A SH ORT P L A N T W IT H GR E E N , D E L I CATE STEM W ITH O U T THE W O O D Y TISSU E S. GE N E R A L L Y , TH E Y HA VE FEW B R AN C HE S O R BR A NC H L ESS. TH E SE CAN B E E A SI L Y U P RO O TED FROM THE SOI L . TH E Y CO N TAIN E N O U G H N U TRITIO N AL B E N EFITS A N D VIT A MI N S TO MAKE I T A P ART O F TH E DI E T. T OM ATO, W H E AT , GR A SS ARE FEW E X AM P L E S O F H ERBS. CORIANDLE : MINT :

24. PLANT SHR U BS : W OOD Y P L AN T W I T H SEVERAL PERENN I AL S TEM S THAT MAY B E EREC T O R MAY L AY CL OS E T O TH E GROUND. USUA L LY HAV E A HE I GH T L ES S THA N 13 F EE T AN D STE M S N O M OR E T HA N ABOUT THRE E I NCHE S I N DIAMETER S TEM S AR E H ARD, F L E X I B LE BU T NOT F RAGI L E. CAN B E DECIDUOU S O R EVE R GR E EN ROS E PL A NT HI B ISC U S PL A NT

25. PLANT TREES : T RE E S AR E B I G , TA L L A N D STRO N G P L A NTS. TH E Y H A VE A T H ICK, BR O W N A N D W O O D Y STEM CA L L E D TRU NK. T HE Y HA VE M AN Y B R AN C HE S TH A T B E A R L E AV ES, FLO W ER S A N D FRUITS. TH E I R RO OTS AR E THICK A N D S TRO N G T RE E S US U A L L Y L I VE FOR MA N Y Y E A RS . NEE M TREE B A N Y A N TREE

26. PLANT CLIMBE R S AND CREE P ERS : T RE E S AR E B I G , TA L L A N D STRO N G P L A NTS. TH E Y H A VE A T H ICK, BR O W N A N D W O O D Y STEM CA L L E D TRU NK. T HE Y HA VE M AN Y B R AN C HE S TH A T B E A R L E AV ES, FLO W ER S A N D FRUITS. TH E I R RO OTS AR E THICK A N D S TRO N G T RE E S US U A L L Y L I VE FOR MA N Y Y E A RS . COBAE A SCA N DE N S P A R THE N OCISSUS HE N R Y ANA

27. PLANT ON T H E B A S IS OF PA T T E R N A N D S E A S ON A LIT Y GROWTH PLANT MATERIAL EVE R GREEN DE C IDUO U S

28. PLANT DECIDU O U S TREES :- D E CI D U O U S REF E R TO TRE ES, W H I CH SE A SO N A L L Y SH E D TH E IR U N N E CESS A RY P ARTS ES P EC I A L L Y THE LE A VES FROM TH E I R STRUCTUR E . D E CI D U O U S TRE E S AR E A D A P TED TO TOL E RATE THE COLD A N D D RY W EA TH E R C OND ITI O N S B Y S HEDD I N G TH E I R LEA V E S S EA S ONA L L Y . MA J OR ITY O F THE TRE E S SH E D TH E I R FOL I A G E A T THE E N D O F TH E IR T Y P I CAL GR O W I N G SE A SO N .

29. PLANT EVERGREEN TREES :- EV E RGR E EN TRE E ’ S FOL I A G E P E RSISTS THR O U G H O U T THE Y E A R . N O SE A SO N A L L E A F SH E D D I N G , TH E Y SH E D TH E I R O L D L E AV E S THR O U G H O UT THE Y E A R . FAV O RED I N W AR M TEM P ER ATE CL I MATIC CO N D I TIO N S EU C A L YPTUS TREE HEMLOC K TREE

30. PLANT ROL E OF VEGE T A TION IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN :- ENV I RO N ME N T AL V ALUE FU N CTIONA L AND ARC H IT E CT U RA L V ALUE HEA L TH V ALUE AES THE T IC V A LUE

31. PLANT ENVIR O N M E N T AL V ALUE PREVENTI O N O F SOIL EROSION P L ANT S W ITH S HA LL OW FI BROU S ROOT S Y STEMS AR E E F FECTIVE TO PREVE NT S O IL EROS I ON. T UR F GRAS S E S AR E A LSO E F FECTIVE IN PREVENT I N G SO I L EROS I ON. THE DEE P ROOTS O F TREES HE LP HO LD THE S O IL TI GHT. T rees a lso ab s or b s om e o f the nutrie nts in the s oi l that w oul d othe r w ise be w a s he d a w a y .

32. FIG: E F FECT O F VE G ET A TION I N MIN I MIZ I N G SO I L ER O SI O N

33. T RE ES, S H RU BS, A N D GR O U N DC O VERS CAN MAI N TAIN SL O P E S A N D RE D UC E ER O SI O N FROM SURFACE W AT E R , SH A L L OW GR O U N D W AT E R A N D , T O S O ME E X TE N T, CO A STAL P ROC E SSE S. T RE ES, S H RU BS, A N D GR O U N DC O VERS CAN MAI N TAIN SL O P E S A N D RE D UC E ER O SI O N FROM SURFACE W AT E R , SH A L L OW GR O U N D W AT E R A N D , T O S O ME E X TE N T, CO A STAL P ROC E SSE S. FI G : V EGE TATI O N C A N H E L P P R O TECT SL O P E AN D W A TERS H E D

34. PLANT IMPROV I NG W A T ER QUA L I T Y T RE E S A N D OT H E R V E G E TATI O N IM P ROVE W A TER QUA L I TY B Y DE CR EA SI N G S O I L E R O SI O N A N D W AT E R RU N O F F CO N TAI N I N G FERTIL I ZERS A N D P E STICI D E S FROM LA N DSC A P ES, O I L, A N D SE W A G E P O L L UT E W AT E R W A Y S A N D L AKES. C O MM UN ITI E S C A N HA VE CL EANE R W A TER B Y MA N A G I N G E X ISTI N G N A TUR A L VE G ET A TIO N , P L A N TING A D D I TIO N A L TRE ES, A N D RE D UC I N G THE US E O F P E STICI D E S A N D FERTIL IZERS. I M PR O VING AIR QUALI T Y PL A N TS CAN PU RIFY THE A I R B Y R E MO V I N G CAR B O N D I O X I D E A N D L I MITED Q U A N TITIES O F SU LFUR D I O X I D E B Y RE P L A CI N G TH E M W IT H O X Y G E N. PL A NT S CAN A L SO CL E A N SE THE ATMOS P H E RE B Y REM O VI N G D UST, AS H , SMOKE P A RTICL E S FROM THE AI R . THE P A RTICL E S SETTLE O N T H E LE A VES A N D BR A NC H E S A N D AR E EV E NT U A L L Y W AS H ED B Y RA I N TO THE GR O U N D.

35. PLANT LOWER HE A T ING AND CO O LING COST T RE E S H A VE D E MO N STRATED THE A B I L IT Y TO RE D UC E H E ATI N G A N D CO O L I N G COSTS A N D CO U NT E RACT THE “H E AT ISL A N D ” E F FECT IN UR B AN E N VIR O NM E NTS. U RBA N A R EA S W IT H L I TT L E VE G E TATI O N C A N E X P E RI E NC E TEM P ER A TUR E S O F U P TO S E VEN D E GR E E S H I G H E R TH A N TH O SE W IT H TREE COV E R . TH I S TRA N SL ATES I NTO SI G N I FICA N TLY H I G H ER E N ER G Y COSTS TO CO O L B U I L D I N G S. PRO P ER L Y P L A N TED TRE E S CAN CUT H E ATI N G A N D CO O L I N G COSTS B Y A S M U CH A S 1 2 % A N D RE D UCE OV E RA L L P O W ER D E MA N D. NOIS E POL L U T I O N CON T ROL E X CESS I VE O R U N W A N TED SO U N D H A S N E G A TIVE P H Y SIC A L A N D P S Y CH O L O G I CAL E F FECTS. N O IS E CAN COME FROM MA N Y SO URCES, ES P EC I A L L Y RO A D S A N D H I G H W A Y S. T RE E S CAN PL A Y A N IMP O RTA N T R O L E I N D EADEN I N G UN W AN TED NO IS E . S O U N D W AV E S ARE A B SOR B ED BY A TRE E ’ S L E AV ES, BR A NC H ES , A N D T W I GS. PL A NT S CAN A D D , A B SORB A N D D EFLECT SO U N D B Y THE PR E SE N CE A N D MOV E ME N T O F TH E I R FOL I A G E A N D BR A NC H ES.

36. 2.FUN C TIONAL AND ARCHITECTU R AL V ALUE :- C AN C A TER TO THE NEE D FOR P R I V A C Y , P R OTECTIO N FROM GLA R E O R DIR E CT S U NLIGHT INT O WIN D O WS, O R S H ADE. FIG: T RE E S US E D FOR PRIV A CY P U RP O SES

37. Fig: Pl a nt s can b e us e d to scre e n the h o t summ e r sun w h i l e a l l o w in g su n l i g h t thr o u g h b a re br a nc h e s i n w i nter for a t y p e o f cl i mate co ntrol. Fig : w it h p l a n t d e si g n re d uc e s l i g h t g l ar e .

38. IN W AR D L Y F O C U SED S P ACE IN W AR D L Y OR I E N TED SP A CE I S CH A RACT E RIZ E D B Y E I TH E R COM P L ETE O R N E A RLY C O M P L E TE EN CL O S U RE W ITH A STRO N G FOC A L P O I N T. OU T W AR D L Y CR E ATI O N O F O U TD O O R RO OMS. OUTD O O R RO O MS CAN B E CRE A TED BY E IT HE R O F THE T W O APP R OA C HE S.

39. OU T W AR D L Y F OCUSED S P ACE OUT W AR D L Y OR I E N TED RO O MS AR E E N H A NC E D BY AM E N I TIES O U TSIDE THE SP A CE SUCH A S G O OD VI E W S AN D BR EE Z E S

40. 3.HEA L TH V ALUE :- B E N EFITS O F I N D O O R P L A NTS I N CL U D E : R E D U CI N G CAR B O N D I O X I D E L E VE L S INCR E AS I N G H U MI D ITY R E D U CI N G L E VE L S O F CERT A I N P O L L UT A NTS , SUCH A S B E NZ E N E AN D N I TRO G E N D I O X I D E R E D U CI N G A I RB O RNE D UST L E VE L S K E E P I N G A I R TEM P ER A TUR E S D O W N 4.AESTHET I C V ALUE T RE E S PR O VI D E A V A RI ETY O F A E STH E TIC VAL U E S A N D ACC E NT U AT E THE ARC H ITECTU RAL D E SI G N OF B U I L D I N G S. TH E A E STH E TIC VA L U E O F THE PL A NT S I S THR O U G H THE P H Y SIC A L SE N SES O F SI G HT , SO U N D , SME L L A N D TO UCH. IN D IV I D U A L P ARTS O F P L A N TS - B L O OMS, FRUITS, L E AV E S A N D B RA N CH E S AR E VAL U E D FOR T H E I R CO L O R , SH A P E , AR O MA A ND TE X TUR E.

41. M A JOR FUNCTIONS OF PLANT M A TER I ALS AESTHETICS SCREENING CIRCUL A TI O N C O NTR O L

42. A E S T HE T ICS COLOR : C O L O R I S TH E MOST ATTRACTIV E AN D VISUAL C HA RACT E RISTIC O F P L A NTS , BU T I T ALS O I S THE MOST FLE E TIN G , A S M OS T P L A NTS D I S P LA Y PR O M I N E N T CO L O R ON L Y D U R I N G SH ORT BLO OM P E RI O D S . L IGHT Q U ALITIE S O F THE SIT E —SU N N Y O R SH A D Y AR E A S — A F FECT THE P E RCE P TION O F COLO R . W ARM , BR I G H T CO L ORS , SUCH A S Y ELL O W S A N D W H ITES, AR E B EST FOR SH A D E , AN D A L L CO L OR S W O R K W E L L I N S U NNY AR E AS. TEXTURE: T E X TURE REF E RS TO H O W CO A R S E O R FINE THE OVERA L L SURF A CE AND I N D I V I D U A L LEA V E S O F THE P L A N T FE E L O R LOO K (P E RCE I V E D VI SU AL TE X TUR E ).

43. SIZE AND SCALE FORM FORM I S THE TH RE E - D I M E N S I ONA L SHAPE O F A P L A N T O R A P L AN T MAS S. OVER A L L FORM I S MORE O R L E SS R E L E V AN T DEPEND I N G O N THE VI E W I N G PE RS PE CTIV E . S I ZE R E FERS TO TH E O V E R A L L HE I G H T AN D W I D TH O F THE P L A N T A ND COM P ARED SP A CE S . IT S RE L ATIV E S IZ E O R SCA L E W H EN AND TO OT H E R P L A NTS, STRUCTUR ES,

44. SCREENING: PL A N T SCRE E N S CAN PR O VI D E PR I VA C Y , MARK B O U N D A RI ES, D I SCO U RA G E I N TRU D ERS , O R B L O CK U N P L E A SA N T VI E W S.

45. CIRCUL A TION CO N TR O L PL A NTI N G S CAN CO N TROL A N D D IRECT T H E MOV E ME NTS OF PEOP L E , AN I MA LS , O R VE H IC LE S. WHERE ESTA B L I SH E D P E D E STRIAN SH ORTCUTS AR E TO B E D I SCO U RA G E D , TH O RN E D, D E NS E - GR O W I N G P L A NTS MAY B E N E CESS A RY TO CH A N G E US E R H A B ITS. N O T A L W A Y S THE VERTIC A L TRE E S

46. PLANT INTRODUCTION :- PLANTS ARE THE LIVING ORGANISMS PRESENT ON THE EARTH. THESE ARE IDENTIFIED BY THEIR FOLIAGE, PROFILE, COLOR, ETC. THE ANATOMY OF MOST PLANTS CONTAIN ROOTS, STEMS, LEAVES, FLOWERS, ETC. There basic parts are: Roots Leaves Stem Flowers Foods

47. PLANT REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANT :- TEMPERATURE:- PLANTS GROW WELL ONLY WITHIN A LIMITED TEMPERATURE RANGE. LIGHT:- ALL VEGETABLE PLANTS AND MANY FLOWERS REQUIRE LARGE AMOUNTS OF SUNLIGHT. OXYGEN:- PLANTS REQUIRE OXYGEN FOR RESPIRATION TO CARRY OUT THEIR FUNCTIONS OF WATER AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE. IN SOIL ADEQUATE OXYGEN IS USUALLY AVAILABLE. WATER:- DIFFERENT REQ. IN DIFFERENT SEASONS LIKE, DURING THE HOT SUMMER MONTHS A LARGE TOMATO PLANT MAY USE ONE- HALF GALLON OF WATER PER DAY. BUT IN WINTER IT WILL USE LESS.

48. COMMON NAME: TULSI SCIENTIFIC NAME OCIMUM TENUIFLORUM CLIMATE CONDITION: TEMPERATE CLIMATE AVG. HEIGHT : 30–60 CM USES : TULSI HAS BEEN USED FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS IN AYURVEDA FOR ITS DIVERSE HEALING PROPERTIES. APPEARANCE: T U L SA I S H EAVY BRAN C HED H A V I N G ALL OVER H A I R . I T A T TAIN S THE HE I GHT OF ABOUT 75 -90CM. IT HAS ROUND OVAL SHAPED LEAVES UP TO 5 CM LONG. THE LEAVES ARE 2-3CM IN LENGTH. ITS SEEDS ARE FLAT. ITS FLOWERS ARE PURPLE CREAM IN COLOUR. A LEAF OF TULSI CONTAINS ESSENTIAL OIL. TULSI SEEDS ARE GERMINATE EASILY. THE SEEDS MAINLY SOWN IN THE SPRING SEASON.

49. COMMON NAME: CO R AL CR E E P ER SCIENTIFIC NAME ANTIGO N ON LEPTO P U S CLIMATE CONDITION: AVG. HEIGHT : 13 MET ERS USES P E O P L E US E THEM A S A HARD Y PERENN I A L THAT IS VERY SUITAB L E FOR COVERING FENCES, W A L L O R PERGO L AS . TH I S I S A N ASSE T T O ANY GARDE N. A P PE A RANC E – TH E FLOW E R I S L I KE A DEE P CUP W H E N I T I S FULLY OPEN . TH E L E AVE S O F THE ' C ORA L CREE P ER ' AR E L I KE HE AR T S I N SHAPE OR SOMETIMES THEY AR E T RI A NG U L A R . THE Y AR E PO I NTE D AN D USUA L L Y U P TO 7. 5 CM I N L E NGTH . TH E SURF AC E O F THE L E AVE S I S WRI N KL E D AN D THE EDGE S AR E A L IT TLE W A V Y . THE Y AR E BRIG HT GREE N I N COL O U R AN D PA L E R BE N EATH . TH E F RU IT O F THE P L AN T I S A SMALL NU T THAT I S SHEATHED B Y FIVE HE AR T- SHAP E D L E AVES

50. COMMON NAME: SCIENTIFIC NAME CLIMATE CONDITION: AVG. HEIGHT :

51. COMMON NAME: SCIENTIFIC NAME CLIMATE CONDITION: AVG. HEIGHT :

52. TREES THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF TREE. LARGE TREE :- A TREE THAT CAN ATTAIN A MATURE HEIGHT OF OVER 40 FEET AT MATURITY. MEDIUM TREE :- A TREE THAT CAN ATTAIN A MATURE HEIGHT OF 25 TO 40 FEET AT MATURITY. SMALL TREE :- A TREE THAT CAN ATTAIN A MATURE HEIGHT OF LESS THAN 25 FEET AT MATURITY. ONLY SMALL TREES SHOULD BE PLANTED UNDER POWER LINES.

53. COMMON NAME: SAPTPARNI, BODHI TREE, DEVIL’S TREE SCIENTIFIC NAME TREE TYPE CLIMATE CONDITION BARK LE A V ES AVG. HEIGHT FLOWERS FLOWERING USES G R O WTH :ALSTONIA SCHOLERIS : MEDIUM SIZE EVERGREEN TREE : MOIST WARM CLIMATE CAN NOT RESIST WATER FLOW : PALE GRAY BROWN : 6-10 LEAVES ARRANGED IN A WHORL AROUND A CENTRAL STEM : 14-15 M IN DELHI CLIMATE (MAX 40.0 M ) : SMALL FRAGRANT WHITISH GREEN IN CLUSTER : MID OCTOBER TO DECEMBER : MOSTLY PREFERRED AS AVENUE TREE, CAN ALSO BE USED IN PARKS IN BUNCH. : WOOD USED FOR PENCIL. : GROWS RAPIDLY AND EASY TO CULTIVATE AND REQUIRE LESS MAINTENANCE. FLOWER LEAVES B ARK Alstonia scholaris

54. COMMON NAME: ASHOK SCIENTIFIC NAME: Polyalthia longifolia TREE TYPE :  evergreen tree CLIMATE CONDITION:HOT AND DRY SOIL TYPE: LE A V ES:LONG AVG. HEIGHT : 30 ft,8-10M FLOWERING:SPRING USES:NOISE POLUTION A P P E ARA N C E – SMOOTH, DAR K BROW N BARK , A ST RA I GH T STEM, AN D SHORT, SL E ND E R BRANCHE S SPREAD I N G MORE O R L E SS A T RIGHT AN G L E S F RO M THE STEM AN D I N A W H ORLE D FASHIO N . TH E L E AVE S AR E T RANS L UCEN T W H E N YOUNG AN D OCCU R I N GREAT PROFUSIO N. TH E D E L I CATE YE L L O W I SH GREE N FLO W ER S H A VE SIX SPRE A D I N G , P O I N TED PETA L AN D AR E H I DD E N I N THE DE N SE MASSES O F L E AVE S A L ON G THE BRANCHE S. USES I T I S A L O FTY EV E RGREEN TR E E , COMM ON L Y PLANTE D DU E T O I T S E F FECT IV E N ESS I N A L L EVIA T ING NO I SE PO L L U TIO N. • I N INDIA, THE SPREAD IN G FORM O F THIS TREE I S CULTIV A TED I N A LL THE HO T AREA S .

55. COMMON NAME: BABUL SCIENTIFIC NAME: VACHELLIA NILOTICA TREE TYPE :LARGE CLIMATE CONDITION:  MIDDLE EAST AND THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT SOIL TYPE:ALLUVIAL,BLACK SOIL BARK:  FLAKY BARK. LE A V ES:  DECIDUOUS, OVAL TO ELLIPTIC AVG. HEIGHT : 20 METRES FLOWERS: SIX WHITE TO PURPLE PETALS FLOWERING:SUMMER

56. COMMON NAME:NEEM SCIENTIFIC NAME: AZADIRACHTA INDICA TREE TYPE : EVERGREEN CLIMATE CONDITION:  TROPICAL AND SEMI-TROPICAL REGIONS.  SOIL TYPE:   FOLIAGE:10-15KM AVG. HEIGHT : 15–20 M FLOWERING:WINTER USES:SHADE G R O WTH: NEEM IS A FAST-GROWING TREE

57. COMMON NAME:ROYAL PLAM SCIENTIFIC NAME: Roystonea regia TREE TYPE :ORNAMENTAL CLIMATE CONDITION: tropics and subtropics  SOIL TYPE:SALTY FOLIAGE:3-4M LE A V ES:LONG AVG. HEIGHT : 50 to 70 feet  FLOWERING:

58. COMMON NAME: tropical-almond SCIENTIFIC NAME: Terminalia catappa   TREE TYPE :  ornamental tree CLIMATE CONDITION:TROPICAL SOIL TYPE:SALTY LE A V ES: large LONG AVG. HEIGHT : 35 m FLOWERING: USE:FURNITURE

59. STONE STONES ARE HARD, IMPERMEABLE, INORGANIC ELEMENTS USED EXTENSIVELY IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. STONES ARE BASICALLY USED FOR THE FOLLOWING: PAVING RETAINING WALL STACKED STONE WALL SITTING SHELTERS PARAPETS BRIDGES SCULPTURES PLANTERS BOL LARDS

60. STONE, ONE OF THE OLDEST PAVING MATERIALS, OFFERS GOOD, DURABLE, WEARING SURFACE WITH A MINIMUM MAINTENANCE REQUIRED. RUBBLE AND ASHLARS MASONRY ARE THE TWO FORMS OF STONE USED FOR PAVING. RUBBLE MASONRY IS ROUGH STONE, AS IT COMES FROM THE QUARRY, BUT MAY BE TRIMMED SOMEWHAT WHERE NECESSARY. ASHLARS MASONRY IS HEWED OR CUT STONE FROM THE QUARRY AND IS USED MUCH MORE OFTEN THAN RUBBLE FOR THE SURFACING OF THE WALLS. LANDSCAPING WITH STONE BRINGS IN A NATURAL ELEMENT THAT EVOKES SOLIDNESS AND A SENSE SECURITY .

61. TYPES OF LANDSCAPE STONES AND THEIR USES RETAINING WALLS-- THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF STONES THAT CAN BE USED WHEN IT COMES TO CREATING RETAINING WALLS IN THE LAWN. ONE MAY ELECT TO ASSEMBLE A RETAINING WALL AROUND A SMALL POND, OR EVEN A GARDEN. FLAGSTONE-- FLAGSTONE IS A VERY POPULAR CHOICE WHEN IT COMES TO STONES THAT ARE USED FOR STEPS, OR SIMPLE ORNAMENTAL DESIGN. BOULDERS -- HOMEOWNERS ELECT TO IMPLEMENT THE USE OF BOULDERS IN THE DECORATIVE DESIGN OF THEIR LANDSCAPING. GREAT PRODUCTS IN THE WAY OF BOULDERS INCLUDE THAT OF BIRCHWOOD, WISCONSIN, GRANITE, AND EVEN HONEYCOMB WESTERN STONE.

62. COMPARISION

63. SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME AZADHIRACHTA INDICA NEEM FICUS BENGHALENSIS BANYAN NICOTINA TOBACCUM TOBACCO BAMBOOSA ARIDINARIFOLIA BAMBOO MORINGA OLEIFERA DRUMSTICK OCIMUM SANCTUM TULSI SANTALUM ALBUM SANDALWOOD GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM COTTON EPIPREMNUM AUREUM MONEY PLANT, DEVIL'S IVY MURRAYA KOENIGII CURRY PLANT (LEAVES) MENTHA ARVENSIS MINT (PUDINA) CORIANDRUM SATIVUM CORIANDER LAWSONIA INERMIS HENNA (MEHNDI)