LEAD (Pb) REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING MAIZE COB AND PEELS OF PLANTAIN AS BIOSORBENTS.pptx

SYNTHESIS OF BIOSORBENTS USING PLANTAIN PEEL AND MAIZE COB FOR LEAD REMOVAL

1. LEAD (Pb) REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING MAIZE COB AND PEELS OF PLANTAIN AS BIOSORBENTS.

2. Outline

3. Introduction

4. Statement of Problem

5. Aim and Objectives

6. Significance of Study

7. Review of Related Works

8. Materials and Method Materials/ Reagents Plantain peels, Corncobs, deionized water, Sodium Hydroxide, Phosphoric Acid, Lead trioxonitrate Equipments Set of beakers and Conical flasks, pipettes, Weighing balance, measuring cylinders, Glass stirrer, Laboratory oven, shaking machine, Plastic sample test-tubes, Laboratory mortar and pestle, Digital pH meter, Set of mesh sizes, Whatman filter papers, funnels. Methods include: Preparation of biosorbent materials Biosorption studies. Optimization of the process using design expert

9. Preparation of biosorbents (Plantain Peel and Corncob) The biosorbents were collected and washed with tape water firstly, thereafter they were washed with de-ionize water to remove foreign particles and sun dried to constant weight for five hours, after which they were dried in the oven at a temperature of about 105 o C and grinded into smaller particles to enhance surface area. The grinded biosorbents were then washed repeatedly using water to remove traces of dirt and residues while the excess water was drained out. After that, they underwent drying process in an oven at about 100°C so as to reduce their moisture content and achieve a constant weight and were sieved with 250μm particle mesh size, to achieve a uniform particle size to obtain the final applicable biosorbent .

10. BATCH ADSORPTION Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using 4-factors at 5Level. The factors are; PH Initial Concentration of Lead ( Pb ) Adsorbent dosage Contact time

11. Factorial Design of Experiment and Optimization Central composite design was carried out using design expert software. Design Expert is a piece of software designed to help with the design and interpretation of multi-factor experiments. The software offer a wide range of designs, including factorials, fractional factorials and composite designs. It can handle both process variables such as rotor speed, and also mixture variables such as contact time, proportion of resins in a plastic compound (Montgomery,2001) The software helps to determine the experimental points, investigate the effect of each variable on the percentage removal of lead, investigate the interactive effects of the variables and also helps in developing quadratic models for lead removal.

12. Factor levels of independent variables for the removalof lead ( Pb ). Independent variables Low level (-1) High level (+1) Dosage g 1 5 Time min 20 120 pH Concentration mg/l 4 20 8 80

13. Design runs from design expert for Plantain peel     Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Response 1 Std Run A:ph B:inicial concentration of pb C:adsorbent dosage D:contact time removal of pb       mg/l g/l min   9 1 4 50 3 20   1 2 4 20 3 70   4 3 8 80 3 70   7 4 6 50 1 120   27 5 6 50 3 70   12 6 8 50 3 120   14 7 6 80 1 70   29 8 6 50 3 70   23 9 6 20 3 120   15 10 6 20 5 70   24 11 6 80 3 120   3 12 4 80 3 70   17 13 4 50 1 70   19 14 4 50 5 70   28 15 6 50 3 70   20 16 8 50 5 70   13 17 6 20 1 70   18 18 8 50 1 70   8 19 6 50 5 120   2 20 8 20 3 70  

14. Design runs from design expert for Corncob Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Response 1 Std Run A:ph B:initial concentration of Pb C:Adsorbent dosage D:Contact time Removal of Pb mg/L g/l min   2 1 8 20 3 70   1 2 4 20 3 70   8 3 6 50 5 120   9 4 4 50 3 20   26 5 6 50 3 70   24 6 6 80 3 120   18 7 8 50 1 70   27 8 6 50 3 70   23 9 6 20 3 120   20 10 8 50 5 70   15 11 6 20 5 70   19 12 4 50 5 70   30 13 6 50 3 70   17 14 4 50 1 70   25 15 6 50 3 70   21 16 6 20 3 20  

15. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Insertion of Data into Design Matrix The four-factor, five-level Box- Behnken design combined with response surface modelling was chosen as a means to investigate the influence that the four independent variables, namely, pH( A ) initial Concentration of lead ( B ) Adsorbent Dosage(C) and contact time(D) have on the removal efficiency of the lead. Table 4.3 and table 4.4 shows the removal efficiencies of plantain peels and concorb at the experimental conditions set by the Box- Behnken design.

16. Optimum Conditions and Maximum Lead Removal Efficiencies of plantain peel and corncob Number ph initial concentration of ( Pb mg/l) Adsorbent dosage (g) Contact time(min) Removal of Pb (%) Desirability Plantain peel 8.000 50.000 5.000 70.000 74.089 1.000 Selected Corncob 8.000 50.000 1.000 70.000 43.895 1.000 Selected                

17. Adsorption Uptake and Removal Efficiencies of corncob Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Response 1 Std Run A:ph B:initial concentration of Pb C:Adsorbent dosage D:Contact time Removal of Pb mg/L g min % 2 1 8 20 3 70 20 1 2 4 20 3 70 10 8 3 6 50 5 120 47.885 9 4 4 50 3 20 49.61 26 5 6 50 3 70 11.11 24 6 6 80 3 120 35 18 7 8 50 1 70 49.61 27 8 6 50 3 70 28.23 23 9 6 20 3 120 54 20 10 8 50 5 70 45 15 11 6 20 5 70 10.5 19 12 4 50 5 70 15.075 30 13 6 50 3 70 15 17 14 4 50 1 70 11.505 25 15 6 50 3 70 27.93 21 16 6 20 3 20 15.14 13 17 6 20 1 70 20.11 11 18 4 50 3 120 46.015 12 19 8 50 3 120 46.06 3 20 4 80 3 70 34.2 28 21 6 50 3 70 5 14 22 6 80 1 70 48.7 29 23 6 50 3 70 5.25 6 24 6 50 5 20 48.155 4 25 8 80 3 70 30.435 7 26 6 50 1 120 49.095 16 27 6 80 5 70 43.94 5 28 6 50 1 20 52 22 29 6 80 3 20 49.555 10 30 8 50 3 20 60

18. Adsorption Uptake and Removal Efficiencies of plantain peel Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Response 1 Std Run A:ph B:initial concentration of Pb C:Adsorbent dosage D:Contact time Removal of Pb mg/L g min % 9 1 4 50 3 20 72.478 19 2 4 50 5 70 69.909 11 3 4 50 3 120 71.4 30 4 6 50 3 70 68.04 20 5 8 50 5 70 68.761 28 6 6 50 3 70 69.104 21 7 6 20 3 20 69.454 22 8 6 80 3 20 68.866 6 9 6 50 5 20 66.605 8 10 6 50 5 120 69.139 23 11 6 20 3 120 2.254 29 12 6 50 3 70 67.578 24 13 6 80 3 120 67.417 2 14 8 20 3 70 63.301 25 15 6 50 3 70 69.377 5 16 6 50 1 20 2.38 26 17 6 50 3 70 69.258 3 18 4 80 3 70 71.778 4 19 8 80 3 70 69.524 7 20 6 50 1 120 19.362 27 21 6 50 3 70 63.154 18 22 8 50 1 70 69.335 12 23 8 50 3 120 64.806 1 24 4 20 3 70 67.739 16 25 6 80 5 70 69.524 10 26 8 50 3 20 68.019 13 27 6 20 1 70 51.205 15 28 6 20 5 70 17.248 14 29 6 80 1 70 12.25 17 30 4 50 1 70 69.006

19. ANOVA and fit statistics result for Removal of Pb using plantain peel

20. ANOVA and fit statistics result for Removal of Pb using corncorb Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value p-value Model 12409.21 14 886.37 4.08 0.0053 significant A-ph 1063.89 1 1063.89 4.89 0.0429 B-initial concentration of Pb 1862.89 1 1862.89 8.56 0.0104 C-Adsorbent dosage 62.11 1 62.11 0.2856 0.6009 D-Contact time 1.92 1 1.92 0.0088 0.9265 AB 84.30 1 84.30 0.3876 0.5429 AC 29.77 1 29.77 0.1369 0.7166 AD 47.61 1 47.61 0.2189 0.6466 BC 10.46 1 10.46 0.0481 0.8293 BD 1269.34 1 1269.34 5.84 0.0289 CD 3.09 1 3.09 0.0142 0.9067 A² 655.49 1 655.49 3.01 0.1031 B² 30.77 1 30.77 0.1415 0.7121 C² 1303.97 1 1303.97 6.00 0.0271 D² 7149.20 1 7149.20 32.87 < 0.0001 Residual 3262.53 15 217.50 Lack of Fit 2281.37 10 228.14 1.16 0.4607 not significant Pure Error 981.17 5 196.23 Cor Total 15671.74 29

21. MODELS Final Equation for the removal of lead using corncob in Terms of Coded Factors Y = 67.75 – 1.55A +7.35B +11.47C – 4.45D + 0.5460AB - 0.3692AC - 0.5338AD + 22.81BC + 16.44BD – 3.61CD + 13.47A 2 – 10.96B 2 - 16.69C2 – 9.51D 2 Final Equation for the removal of lead using corncob in Terms of Coded Factors Y = 20.58 + 9.41A + 12.46B - 2.275C + 0.3996D - 4.59AB - 2.7AC – 3.45AD + 1.6BC - 17.81BD + 0.879CD + 9.78A² + 2.1B² + 13.79C² + 32.2892D²

22. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion The result of this work show that the plantain peel is a more efficient adsorbent for lead in dilute solutions and has high adsorption yields for the treatment of wastewater containing lead ions as compared to the corncob. Adsorption processes were performed as a function of the initial lead concentration, the adsorbent dosage and contact time. The optimization of the lead adsorption by the RSM resulted in 74.089% removal using plantain peel and 43% removal while using the corncob. The levels of the following four variables were found to be optimal for the maximum lead removal: pH of 8, initial concentration of 50mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 5g/L and contact time of 70 min for the plantain peel while pH of 8, initial concentration of 50mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 1g/L and contact time of 70 min were obtained for the corncob. Recommendation From the result gotten from the model, it is concluded that the plantain peel is a more effective biosorbent for the adsorption of lead ion from aqueous solution as compared to corncob. Therefore, I recommend that plantain peels be used in place of corncob since at it optimum condition it is more efficient in the adsorption of lead ion. Also I recommend that kinetics study of these biosorbents could be carried out . So I recommend the kinetic aspect of this work for further studies.

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