Lec 1 Types of Movement and Exercises.pptx

This presentation provides a detailed overview of different types of movement and exercises, including free, assisted, resisted, and assisted-resisted movements. It also covers reflex movements, passive exercises, and Progressive Resistance Exercises (PRE) with their indications, benefits, and applications in rehabilitation and fitness. The slides include clear explanations, diagrams, and examples to enhance understanding. Ideal for students, physiotherapists, and fitness professionals, this resource serves as a quick reference for movement classification and exercise planning. Download now to explore key concepts in kinesiology and therapeutic exercise!

1. TYPES OF MOVEMENT & EXERCISES Dr. Duaa Javed (PT)

2. Lecture Objectives By the end of this lecture students should have a clear understanding of: Voluntary & involuntary movements Active and Passive movements Classification & techniques of free exercises The principles, techniques and effects of assisted exercises The principles, techniques and effects of assisted resisted exercises The principles, types, techniques and effects of resisted exercises Variation of the power of the muscles in different parts of their range Progressive Resistance Exercise Reflex movement The reflex arc The stretch reflex The righting reflexes The postural reflexes Effects and uses of reflex movement

3. Movement and exercise Movement is an act or condition of moving the location or orientation of the body or a bodily part from one position to another. It is one of the key characteristics of living things. Exercise is a physical activity that is planned and is performed with the goal of attaining or maintaining physical fitness. Physical activity refers to the contraction of skeletal muscle that produces bodily movement and requires energy.

4. Voluntary & Involuntary Movements Voluntary Movements : Movements consciously controlled by the voluntary action of muscles, working in opposition to an external force. Involuntary Movements : Movements that happen without conscious effort, such as reflexes or automatic body functions like breathing and heartbeat. They are often protective in character.

5. Active and Passive Movements Active Movements : Movements performed by the patient’s own muscle effort, such as lifting a leg or bending an arm. Used to improve strength and function. Passive Movements : Movements done by an external force (therapist or device) without patient muscle involvement. This is often used to maintain joint mobility in patients who cannot move independently

6. Free Exercises Free Exercises are movements performed without assistance or equipment, often using body weight. They can be: Localized exercises are designed primarily to produce some local and specific effect e.g. to mobilize a particular joint or to strengthen muscle groups Generalized exercises involve the use of many joints and muscles all over the body, effects are usually widespread e.g. running. The character of an exercise may be either subjective or objective.

7. Free Exercises Technique: Starting Position is selected and taught with care to ensure maximum postural efficiency Instructions are given in a manner to gain interest and cooperation of patient and lead him to understand both pattern and purpose of exercise. Speed at which exercise is performed depends on effect required. Usually is slow during learning period and later either patient is allowed to find their own rhythm or required speed is dictated by the therapist. Duration of the exercise depends on the patients capacity.

8. FREE EXERCISE Effects Relaxation Joint Mobility Muscle Power and Tone Neuro muscular coordination Confidence Circulatory and respiratory cooperation Uses The need for active tissue and oxygen supply Preparation for activity Local circulatory changes in the muscles Regulation of circulatory and respiratory function during exercise

9. Assisted Exercises Assisted Exercises are exercises performed by the patient with assistance of an external force as therapist, cord & pulley, weight & pulley circuit etc . Assisted exercises involve assistance from a therapist or device to perform movements that the patient cannot achieve independently. Assistance given should be enough to augment the muscle action and not be allowed to act as a substitute for it.

10. Assisted Exercises Techniques : The goal of assisted exercise is to have inefficient muscles exert their maximum effort under conditions designed to facilitate their action. Includes manual assistance, pulley systems, and support from gravity. The therapist helps in guiding the movement to ensure proper execution.

11. Assisted Exercises Some factors that the therapist needs to pay particular attention to are: Starting Position Pattern of Movement Fixation Support The antagonistic muscles Traction The assisting force Character of movement Repetitions The Co-operation of the patient

12. Assisted Exercises Effects of assisted exercises: Enhances joint mobility, prevents stiffness, promotes circulation, and can facilitate muscle retraining Weak muscles gain strength and hypertrophy Relearning independent control of movements and hence stimulation of compromised neuromuscular pathways Gaining confidence to maintain movement despite pain, knowing that the limb is supported throughout the movement. Range of effected muscle is improved

13. Assisted Resisted Exercises This type of exercise constitutes a combination of assistance and resistance during a single movement and whenever it is possible, it is preferable to assisted exercise as it meets the need of the muscles with greater accuracy Similar to assisted exercises but with added resistance. The therapist provides some level of resistance during the movement. Techniques : Resistance bands, manual resistance from the therapist, or machines can be used. Effects : Strengthens weak muscles, improves endurance, and helps patients regain control over movement gradually

14. Resisted Exercises Resisted exercise is any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically Focuses on working against resistance to increase strength. Types : Isotonic : Muscle length changes while contracting (e.g., lifting weights). Isometric : Muscle contracts without movement (e.g., holding a plank). Isokinetic : Movement occurs at a constant speed with varied resistance (typically using specialized equipment).

15. Resisted Exercises Techniques : Include the use of free weights, resistance bands, or machines. Some factors that the therapist must to pay particular attention to improve technique are: Starting Position Pattern of movement Stabilization Traction The resisting force The character of movement Repetitions (Low Resistance- High Repetition exercises, or High Resistance – Low Repetition exercises) Co- operation of the patient

16. Resisted Exercises Effects : Improves strength, endurance, and muscle tone, and enhances overall functional performance Muscle power and endurance is increased Balance of muscle power is improved which is necessary for stability and coordinated movement Blood flow to muscles is increased Heat is generated Blood pressure is increased

17. Resisted Exercises Variation of Muscle Power in Different Parts of Their Range Muscle power varies depending on the length and position of the muscle during contraction. Mid-range : Muscles are generally strongest here (Mechanically). Extreme ranges : Muscles are typically weaker at fully shortened or lengthened positions. Physiotherapy exercises often target these variations by designing movements that address all parts of the muscle’s range of motion Each muscle group is found to be most powerful in the part of the range in which it is habitually used. (Shoulder flexors in outer range, hip extensors in inner range.)

18. Resisted Exercises Resistances: A resisting force other than that provided by gravity and friction may be provided by: The physiotherapist The patient Weights Weight and pulley circuits Springs and other elastic structures Malleable substances Water

19. Progressive Resistance Exercise Progressive resistance training (PRT) is a type of exercise where participants exercise their muscles against some type of resistance that is progressively increased as their strength improves. Principle : The resistance or load is gradually increased over time as the muscles adapt. This is vital for strengthening muscles progressively and avoiding plateaus. Effect : Promotes muscle hypertrophy, strength, and endurance improvement over time, commonly used in rehabilitation and training programs

20. Progressive Resistance Exercise There are three systems for PRE: De Lorme and Watkins: 30 lifts, 4 times weekly. Progress to 10 RM once weekly Oxford Technique: 100 lifts, 5 times weekly, progress to 10 RM daily Mac Queen: 40 lifts, 3 times weekly. Progress 10 RM every 1-2 weeks

21. Progressive Resistance Exercise As he power of muscle increases, the resistance must be increased proportionately. There are 4 main methods increasing resistance to muscle action. Each method may be used singly or in combination with any other method: Increase in poundage or weight of the resisting force Increase in leverage of resisting force Alteration in the speed of movement Increase in the duration of exercise

22. Reflex Movement Reflex movements : Involuntary, motor response to sensory stimuli, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching something hot. Reflex movements are used in physiotherapy to assess nervous system integrity They are protective in character Concerned with the repetition of movements with have become habitual or repetitive

23. The Reflex Arc The reflex arc is the pathway through which reflexes travel. It involves sensory input, processing in the spinal cord or brain, and motor output. The pathway consists of two major neurons, an afferent neuron which leads from a sensory receptor organ to the CNS, and an efferent neuron leading from the CNS to the effector organ. The pathway may or may not have connecting neurons or inter neurons in between the efferent and afferent neurons. It bypasses conscious control, allowing for quick reactions. Understanding this helps in diagnosing and treating neurological issues

24. The Stretch Reflex A muscle contraction in response to stretching within the muscle, like the knee-jerk reflex. It helps maintain muscle tone and posture. Use in therapy : When a muscle is stretched, it develops tension to counteract the stretch. This tension forms the basis for therapy. Techniques like proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) utilize the stretch reflex to improve flexibility and muscle function.

25. Righting Reflexes Automatic responses that help maintain posture and balance, concerned with the maintenance of equilibrium such as when a person tilts and adjusts their body to stay upright. These reflexes are important in postural control and are often retrained in balance therapy.

26. Postural Reflexes Involuntary responses that help maintain body alignment and balance during movement. They are essential for coordinated movement and are important in rehabilitation, especially for patients with balance or coordination issues

27. Effects and Uses of Reflex Movement Promote activity of the neuromuscular mechanism when voluntary effort is ineffective or insufficient for the purpose. , as in the case of flaccid paralysis and brain damage. Maintenance of normal joint ranges and extensibility of muscles, as in the case of spastic paralysis. Improved circulation. Temporary relaxation of spastic muscles. Postural re-education. Reflex movements are used in therapy to assess neurological function and to retrain or facilitate movement patterns in patients with motor control deficits. Promote neural recovery and function.

28. Questions?

29. Thankyou