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1. Basic Principles of Landscape Gardening Landscape gardening defined as integration of space, plants a nd other accessories in an aesthetic manner to meet the needs of man. This branch of horticulture is an important field in which architecture, art and horticulture (Knowledge of plants and their cultural requirement) are combined to achieve beauty and utility. The space here refers to the land as well as vertical space . Landscaping mainly concentrates on spatial design which depends on the land. Land is the surface on which the landscape designs are executed.

2. The land forms may be classified as plains, plateau, hills and mountains. Generally, plain land is featureless and one with natural slopes is a blessing to the eyes. Accessories include mountains, rivers, natural ponds, statues and other garden adornments. Plants include all type of plant materials viz., trees, shrubs, creepers and climbers, annuals, biennials, herbaceous perennials, bulbous plants, ornamental palms, lawn grasses, etc.

3. The primary requisite before landscaping a place is the ‘plan’ to a scale indicating the location of permanent features such as road, rocks, large trees, buildings or the central object viz., the house, etc. Aesthetic’ refers to ‘sense perception of beauty’ and is chiefly concerned with visual perceptions only in the garden. The components of beauty of landscape are colour , shape, texture, pattern, line and point.

4. Primary colours Secondary colours Blue + Yellow Green Yellow + Red Orange Red + Blue Violet 1. Colour : It is an important component in landscape design. A light spectrum gives seven colours vis., Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red (VIBGYOR). In this, blue , yellow and red are called ‘Primary colours’ and orange and violet are called ‘Secondary colours’ . Since, the latter colours can be formed by combining two primary colours as indicated below.

5. When primary and secondary colours are mixed, intermediate colours are formed. Colours are sometimes known as ‘hot’ or ‘ bright’ (e.g. red, yellow, orange) and ‘cool’ or ‘light’ ones (e.g. green. Blue, white). The predominant colour in nature is green and it is due to the presence of green pigment called ‘Chlorophyll’ . Various shades and intensity of green colour commonly occur in plant kingdom depending upon plant species.

6. The major contribution of other colours in landscape design is by flowers . Flowers are available in almost all colours except black. The available colour can be combined in a judicious manner in landscape design. When we use a single colour , it is called ‘monochromatic ’ but it often results in monotony. When we combine two colours it is called ‘ dichromatic ’. Two opposing colours of the colour wheel are employed to contrast each other or by combining a dark and light colour or a hot and a cool colour .

7. For instance, in a lawn its monotony can be well broken by growing red salvia either at the centre or at the fringes. In ‘triads’ or ‘ trichromatic’ colour schemes, primary colours are combined together or secondary colours are alone combined together. When various colours are combined, it is called a Polychromatic scheme’. In a mixed flower bed, polychromatic effect is created by growing annuals which are available in different shades.

8. 2.Shape Shape in a landscape garden refers to the symmetrical or asymmetrical growth feature of plants-trees, shrubs, creepers etc. Symmetrical shapes are often created by pruning and training.

9. Two level garden/Formal garden

10. Informal garden

11. 3.Texture Texture refers to the surface structure of plants with reference to their leaves, bark, flowers and other organs. Often conifers which have needle shaped leaves provide a fine texture whereas the broad leaved plants give an effect of coarse texture. Similarly, varying textural forms of bark such as smooth, rough, split or peeling are interesting and provide visual contrasts. In a lawn based on the type of grass used, we experience smooth or coarse surface.

12. Acer Sango kaku (coral bark maple ) open framework of stems and branches and delicate foliage, plus dramatic seasonal colour changes - would make a great ... Paper Bark Maple for the front of the house

13. Tree Bark offer col0ur, texture and pattern

14. 4.Pattern In the natural arrangements of plant parts, a definite scheme or model is seen and is often referred as ‘pattern’ . The feathery leaves of the palms , the drooping branches of Salix or Ficus benjamina , the fan arrangements of leaves as in travellers palm , the tiered branching of the Terminalia catappa and the bearing of fruits in the trunk ( Crescentia cujete ) offer interesting pattern in garden.

15. Feathery leaf palms

16. Ficus benjamina

17. Traveller’s Palm

18. Terminalia catappa

19. Crescentia cujete

20. 5.Point and line Theoretically, a point is a speck on the surface and when an innumerable number of points are arranged continuously, a line is formed . In a landscape, the lines formed by the trunk and branches or the outlines formed by borders, beds, edges or roads and walks are important. This may be straight or curved. Straight lines are generally featureless while smooth and gentle curves are having pleasing and aesthetic effects. Straight lines are often common in formal gardens.

21. There are strong horizontal lines in this landscape with the stone wall, the colorful perennials and the wisteria arbor. These lines draw the eye through .

22. Beauty Principles The beauty components by themselves do not convey beauty unless or otherwise they are combined together in a proper manner. The following principles are to be followed to combine the above components to derive a maximum aesthetic value.

23. 1. Balance The balance in landscape design is a visual equilibrium of different garden components . In the formal gardens, balance is achieved by positioning plants and other landscape objects at equal distance from a real or imaginary plane or axis. In the informal or naturalistic designs, balancing is achieved mainly by the neutralizing effect . For example, in a garden, if a big tree is there in one side, it can be balanced by positioning a small tree opposite to it and here balancing is achieved by contrasting effect.

24. Formal style Informal style

25. 2. Proportion It refers to the relative composition of the different components to the whole of the landscaping unit . In other words, all the garden components should be in the right required proportion and one unit should not play a dominant or major role. For instance, if a garden has more area under lawn with a minimum area for other garden components such as tree, shrubs, annuals etc., then it is not proportionate.

26. Perfect Garden

27. 3. Scale Scale is a relative term. In a big lawn, if a very small water pool garden is created, the lawn will be dominating and rendering the pool ineffective, owing to the difference in their dimensions. This can be overcome by adopting appropriate scale.

28. Botanic Garden " Jardí Botànic Mar i Murtra ", located in Blanes

29. 4. Rhythm Rhythm generally refers to the measured cyclic repetition . In landscaping, rhythmic effect is created by repeating colours , shape etc., at measured intervals. This helps to break the monotony of its flat surfaced hedge.

30. Alternating bands of stone paving and pebbles give the ground rhythm and movement, while polished steel balls reflect light and clouds, creating the rhythmic effect

31. 5. Hormony It refers to the pleasing effect obtained due to the proper arrangement and combination of the various garden features . No part of the garden should detract the value of the others and one part should try to merge with others so as to produce a hormony as whole.

32. Japanese Gardens: Nature, Beauty, and Harmony