Lec-3 (Production LNG & HYDRATES Engineering).pptx

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1. PME 113: Introduction to Petroleum and Mining Engineering 3.00 Contact Hour; 3.00 Credit Hour Lecturer Prodeepta Neogi

2. Introduction to Production 2

3. Introduction Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons which can be either crude oil or natural gas. Petroleum engineers divide themselves into several types: 3

4. Reservoir Engineering Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering that applies scientific principles to the fluid flow through porous medium during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery . Reservoir engineers are the professionals who estimate the potential size of the reservoir in order to determine how much oil and gas is available. 4

5. Drilling Engineering Drilling engineers design and implement procedures to drill wells as safely and economically as possible. Responsibilities of drilling engineers include designing well programs, prevent blowouts, directional drilling plans, drilling fluids programs, and drill string and drill bit programs. 5

6. Completion Engineering Completion engineers work to design and oversee the implementation of techniques aimed at ensuring wells are drilled stably and with the maximum opportunity for oil and gas production . Completion engineers design, monitor and report on the installation of wells. They devise and discuss ways and methods to improve oil and gas well production. 6

7. Production Engineering Production Engineering is a part of petroleum engineering that attempts to maximize production in a cost-effective manner . Role of Production Engineers: Co-ordinate the purchase installation, maintenance and operation of the oil field equipment. Evaluate artificial lift methods Select surface equipment that separates the produced fluids. 7

8. Components of Petroleum Production System Reservoir Porosity Reservoir Thickness Fluid saturation Permeability Wellbore Production conduit Wellhead/X-mas trees Separators and other treatment facilities 8

9. Production System basic components 9

10. Different types of well 10

11. The Surface Equipment Wellhead A Christmas Tree comprises a series of valves, spools, a choke, and connection. When the well and facilities are ready to produce and receive oil or gas, tree valves are opened and the formation fluids are allowed to go through a flow line . The wellhead is the equipment at the surface that provides support for the tubulars inside the well, a pressure seal between the tubulars, and a means of controlling production from the well . A typical sophisticated Christmas tree will have at least four or five valves. 11

12. The Surface Equipment Wellhead The two lower valves are called respectively lower master valve and upper master valve . Master valves are normally in the fully open position and are never opened or closed when the well is flowing (except in an emergency) to prevent erosion of the valve sealing surfaces. The lower master valve will normally be manually operated, while the upper master valve is often hydraulically actuated, allowing it to be used as a means of remotely shutting in the well in the event of emergency. . 12

13. The Surface Equipment Wellhead The right-hand valve is often called production wing valve because it is in the flow path of production fluids. It is often manually controlled but it can be motorized so that remotely actuated . The left hand valve is often called the kill wing valve. It is primarily used for injection of fluids such as corrosion inhibitors or methanol to prevent hydrate formation . The valve at the top is called the swab valve and lies in the path used for well interventions like wireline. 13

14. The Surface Equipment Separators and heater treaters Once liquids are brought to the surface, the oil, gas, and water must be separated for ease of measurement and transportation. A separator is a vessel used to separate liquid from gas . A heater treater is simply a separator that is designed to separate primarily oil from water. Heating of the mixture normally speeds up and improves the separation process . The design of a particular separator depends on the nature of the flow stream to be separated. For a gas well, the separator usually separates a small amount of liquid from the gas. In an oil well, the separation may involve a small amount of gas for the amount of liquid. 14

15. Production System Pressure Terminology Reservoir pressure drop The reservoir fluid has to flow through the reservoir rock to reach the drainage location of individual wells and, in doing so, a loss in pressure will occur within the fluid . This is called reservoir pressure drop, sometimes called, the “drawdown ” Drawdown dependent upon the reservoir rock and fluid characteristics. Completion pressure drop The pressure drop generated by the perforations and other near wellbore completion equipment is known as the bottomhole completion pressure drop. 15

16. Production System Pressure Terminology Completion string or vertical lift pressure drop The fluid has to flow up the production tubing string passing through Various sizes of tubing Restrictions caused by other completion string components All create a loss in pressure of the fluid between the bottomhole location and surface . This pressure drop is known as vertical lift pressure drop 16

17. Any questions ? You can find me at [email protected] Thanks! 17