Lec_5_Anatomy_Respiratory System_18-3-25 (1).pdf

Detail anatomy of respiratory system according to radiology section.including muscle bones lungs segments etc

2. Applied Radiology
DMRD
DR. MUHAMMAD JAMIL AKHTAR
Associate Professor, Radiology Research Section
FAHS
The University of Lahore

3. Anatomy of Respiratory System
Pharynx laryynxand trachea
Thorax

4. Anatomy of Respiratory System
⚫Thorax
1.Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm
1.Ribs
2.Sternum
3.Dorsal spine
2.Thoracic Cavity
1.Trachea
2.Lungs
3.Pleurae
3.Mediatinum
1.Anterior
2.Middle
3.Posterior

5. Surface and bony land marks

7. 1. THORACIC CAGE
1.Sternum
1.Manubrium, Body (Gladiolus), Xiphoidprocess
2.Ribs
1.7 True Ribs
2.5 False Ribs (including 2 floating ribs)
3.12 Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 -T12)
4.Clavicle Pectoral
5.Scapula girdle

8. 1. Sternum/Breast Bone
Flat bone, with 3 parts:
1. Manubriumsterni
2. Body/Gladiolus
3. Xiphoid process

9. 2. RIBS
⚫Typical Ribs 2-7
1.Head
2.Neck
3.Tubercle
4.Angle
5.Shaft
6.Subcostalgroove
7.Costal catilage
⚫Atypical Ribs 1, 8 -10
•Rib 1
short, flat and Supports
Subclavian vessels
• Ribs 1, 10-12
articulatewith only 1 vertebra
⚫Floating Ribs
• 11 and 12 “floating ribs” –do not
articulate with Transverse
processes of Vertebrae or Sternum

10. Ribs

12. SBA
SBV
Tub. SCA
SCM
Manubrium
Atypical Ribs-First Rib

13. Ligament

14. Muscles

15. Clinical applications
⚫Cervical Rib
⚫Chest drain insertion
⚫Rib Fracture
–Upper –Brachial paralysis
–Middle--Commonest
–Lower–Visceral damage
⚫Flail chest

16. JOINTS OF STERNUM & RIBS
1.Xiphisternal joint
2.Intervertebraljoints
3.Sternochondraljoints
4.Sternoclavicularjoints
5.Manubriosternaljoints
6.Costovertebraljoints
7.CostochonderalJoint
8.Chondrosternaljoint
9.Interchonderaljoints

17. BLOOD SUPPLY
⚫Anterior intercostal arteries
⚫Posterior intercostal arteries
⚫Intercostal veins drain

20. 3. DIAPHRAGM
⚫Separates the thorax from the abdomen. It consists of
⚫1)A peripheral muscular part arising from margins of thoracic outlet.
⚫2)Right crusarises from the front of vertebral bodies of L1-3.
⚫3)Left crusfrom the lateral aspect of vertebral bodies of L1-2.
⚫4)Arcuateligament from the fascia of the psoasand quadratuslumborum.
⚫5)Central tendon which is partly fused with the fibrous layer of pericardium.

22. 2. THORACIC CAVITY
A.Trachea
B.Lungs
C.Pleurae
D.Mediastinum

23. A.TRACHEA

26. B. LUNGS
⚫Lungs are a pair of respiratory organs
situated in thoracic cavity
⚫Right lung is larger than the left
⚫Right lung has 3 lobes
⚫Left lung has 2 lobes

28. B.LUNGS
1. LOBES
2. ZONES
3. SEGMNETS
4. FISSURES
5. BLOOD SUPPLY

29. Right lung
has three lobes :
a) upper lobe
b) middle lobe
c) lower lobe
1. LOBES OF THE LUNGS
Left Lung
Has two lobes
a) Upper lobe
b) Lower lobe

30. Lungs are assessed by
dividing them into 3
zones:
⚫Upper zone : upto 2nd
rib
⚫Middle zone: 2nd to
4th rib
⚫Lower zone: 4th and
below
2. ZONES OF THE LUNGS

33. 4. FISSURES
⚫MAIN FISSURES :
RIGHT LUNG
–Horizontal fissure
–Oblique fissure
LEFT LUNG :-
–Oblique fissure
⚫ACCESSORY FISSURES :
–Azygous fissure
–Superior Accessory fissure
–Inferior Accessory fissure
–Left transverse Fissure

36. FISSURES AND LOBES OF THE RIGHT LUNG

37. FISSURE OF LEFT LUNG

38. ACCESSORY FISSURES OF THE LUNG
Accessory fissures of the lung usually occur at the borders of bronchopulmonary
segments.
⚫Azygous fissure
⚫Inferior accessory fissure
⚫Superior accessory fissure
⚫Left minor fissure

39. AZYGOUS FISSURE

40. SUPERIOR ACCESORY FISSURE

41. INFERIOR ACCESSORY
FISSURE

42. 5.BLOOD SUPPLY OF LUNG
i. Arterial
Dual supply i.e Bronchial artery and Pulmonary artery.
⚫Systemic circulation :
-Bronchial arteries (oxygenated blood from left ventricle) and originates
directly from descending thoracic aorta between T5 and T6 vertebrae.
-Supply blood to the bronchi, the visceral pleura and connective tissue of
the bronchial tree
-The most common pattern is two on the left and one on the right that
arises as an intercostobronchial trunk (ICBT) (41%).
⚫Pulmonary circulation :
-Pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated blood from right ventricle)
-They supply only the alveoli.
-These gives of a branch to each bronchopulmonary segment of lung
-The main pulmonary trunk arises from right ventricle and divides into a
short left pulmonary artery and longer right pulmonary artery.

43. ii. Venous Drainage
⚫Pulmonary veins : (oxygenated blood to left atrium)
–Two superior and two inferior
–Rt and lt superior veins drain superior , middle lobes Rt lung , superior lobe Lt
lung respectively
–Rt and Lt inferior pulmonary veins drain inferior lobe of their respective lungs
⚫Bronchial veins :
–Only drain the part of blood delivered by bronchial arteries to the
bronchial tree
–Two bronchial veins : right and left bronchial vein

44. 6. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF LUNGS :
⚫Superficial, or subpleural and
⚫Deep lymphatics of the lung drain into lymph nodes called the tracheo-
bronchial nodes around the roots of the lobar and main bronchi and
along the sides of the trachea
7.NERVE SUPPLY OF LUNGS :
⚫Parasympathetic nerves are derived from the vagus and
⚫Sympathetic from 2nd to 5th spinal segments.

45. C. PLEURA
⚫Delicate serous membrane which forms a closed invaginatedsac enclosing
the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. The pleura divides into:
–Visceral pleura which covers the surface of the lung and dips into
the fissures between its lobes
–Parietal pleura which lines the non pulmonary surface and named
according to the site it lines:
⚫costal pleura
⚫diaphragmatic pleura
⚫mediastinal pleura
⚫Apical pleura
⚫Pleural cavity is a true space between the visceral pleura and parietal
pleura.

46. D. MEDIASTINUM
aSuperior mediastinum:
•Aortic arch and branches
•B rachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava
•Trachea
•Esophagus
•Thoracic duct
•Lymph nodes
•Nerves.
b.Anterior mediastinum: Lying anterior to pericardium ,ascending aorta and
superior vena cava and contain
•Thymus;
•Mammary vessels; and
•Lymph nodes
b.Middle mediastinumContains
•Heart and pericardium:
•Great vessels. hilumand carina
•Nerves;
•Lymph nodes; and

47. c.Posterior mediastinum –retrocardiac and paravertebral spaces.
•Descending aorta;
•Oesophagus;
•Azygosvenous system;
•Thoracic duct; and
•Para-aortic, oesophagealand paraspinalnodes.
MediastinalLines
⚫Anterior Junction line
–Contact of anterior lungs
–Lies posterior to the sternum
–Consists of 4 layers of pleura.
–Runs obliquely from the lower mediastinuminferiorly to the left.
⚫Posterior Junction line
–Contact of posterior lungs behind the oesophagusand anterior to the spine
–Consists of 4 layers of pleura

49. FUNCTION OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
⚫The respiratory system is responsible for two
major functions.
⚫Ventilation/Conducting :involves the movement
of air in and out of the lungs,
⚫Diffusion/Respiratory:relates to the gas
exchange between the lungs and the circulatory
system

51. THANK YOU