lec 5 gentrification and urban heat island

This video contains information regarding the urban management

1. Town planning and urban management

2. Garden city movement The garden city movement is a method of urban planning in which self-contained communities are surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture. The idea was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom and aims to capture the primary benefits of a countryside environment and a city environment while avoiding the disadvantages presented by both. 

3. I nspired by the utopian novel “Looking Backward” and Henry George's work “Progress and Poverty”, Howard published the book “To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform” in 1898 (which was reissued in 1902 as “Garden Cities of To-morrow”). His idealized garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres, planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks S ix radial boulevards, 120 ft (37 m) wide, extending from the center. The garden city would be self-sufficient and when it reached full population, another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 58,000 people, linked by road and rail. 

4. Principle Co-operative holding of land to insure that the advantage of appreciation of land values goes to the community, not the private individuals  Economic and social advantages of large scale planning  Establishment of cities of limited size, but at the same time possessing a balanced agricultural industrial economy  Urban decentralization  Use of a surrounding green belt to serve as an agricultural recreational area

5. Letchworth Garden City  The first garden city developed in 1903 by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin was Letchworth garden city. It is 34 miles away from London. It has an area of 5000 acres with 3000 acres of green belt. It had an agricultural strip at periphery to check the invasion of urban area i.e. the sprawling. It showed Howard’s general principles, including the communal ownership of the land and the permanent green belt has been carried through. It was a town of homes and gardens with ample open spaces and a spirited community life. A great attention was paid to landscaping and planting. Its plan was based on population of 30000 with living area of 1250 acres and 2500 acres of rural green belt.  Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000 people, small enough which required no vehicular transportation.  Industries were connected to central city by rapid transportation.  In 30 years, the city developed with 15000 population and 150 shops, industries . 

6. Welwyn Garden City It was the second garden city founded by Sir Ebenzer Howard and designed by Louis De Soissions in 1920 and was located 20 miles from London. It was a town visually pleasing and was efficient technically and was human in scale.  It started with area of 2400 acres and 40000 populations.  Had a parkway, almost a mile long central mall.  Town laid out along tree-lined boulevards with Neo Georgian town center.  Every road had a wide grass verge.  In 15 years – developed with 10000 population and 50 shops, industries

7. Failure of Garden Cities Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it was able to attract manufacturers through low taxes, low rents and more space. Despite Howard’s best efforts, the home prices in this garden city could not remain affordable for workers to live in. Although many viewed Letchworth as a success, it did not immediately inspire government investment into the next line of garden cities. In frustration, Howard bought land at Welwyn to house the second garden city in 1919. The Welwyn Garden City Corporation was formed to oversee the construction. But Welwyn did not become self-sustaining because it was only 20 miles from London. Even until the end of the 1930s, Letchworth and Welwyn remained as the only existing garden cities.

8. Intelligence transport system Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is a combination of leading-edge information and communication technologies used in transportation and traffic management systems to improve the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of transportation networks, to reduce traffic congestion and to enhance drivers’ experiences. Mobility ITS , which aim to provide the shortest route, using data about distance, time, energy consumption, etc. Safety ITS , which reduce collisions, incidents and delays through warnings and alerts. Environment ITS , which aim to make journeys more environmentally-friendly

9. Sensing technologies Inductive loop method CCtv camera Radar

10. Title Services Traveler Information Pre-trip Information, on-trip driver information, on-trip public transport information, personal information services, and route guidance and navigation Traffic Management Transportation planning support, traffic control, incident management, demand management, traffic regulations, infrastructure maintenance management. Vehicle Systems Vision Enhancement, automated vehicle operation, longitudinal collision avoidance, lateral collision avoidance, safety readiness, pre-crash restraint deployment. Commercial Vehicles Commercial vehicle pre-clearance, vehicle administrative processes, automated road side safety inspection, commercial vehicle on-board safety monitoring, commercial vehicle fleet management Public Transport Public transport management, demand responsive transport management, shared transport management. Emergency Management Emergency notification and personal security, emergency vehicle management, hazardous materials and incident notification Electronic Payment (EP) Safety  Electronic financial transactions, public travel security, safety improvement for vulnerable road users, intelligent junctions.