Lect. 03 - The Technical and Business Innovators of the IIoT - (1).pptx

Enablers of IIoT

1. a dvanced t opics in i ndustrial Electronics Industrial Internet of Things ( IIoT ) Lecture 03- The Technical and Business Innovators of the IIoT – (1)

2. Outline Miniaturization Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) Wireless Technology IP Mobility Network Functionality Virtualization (NFV) SDN (Software Defined Networks) 2

3. Miniaturization 3

4. Miniaturization – Cont’d Manufacturers of sensors can reduce them to be the size of a grain of sand or smaller. This means that sensors can now be embedded anywhere and in anything, such as the clothes, the packaging of the food, and even our bodies. Embedding intelligence into the sensor has also accelerated the path to miniaturization, as has integrating multi-functions into the design, such as temperature and humidity. For example, manufacturers that produce sensors that come fully calibrated, temperature compensated, and amplified, reduce the number of components needed on the PCB, which helps reduce size and weight as well as cost. The popularity and acceptance of technology such as smartphones, systems-on-a-board, and even systems-on-a-chip (SoC). These devices come packed with multi-sensors and the software to drive them. For example, an Apple iPhone, the Raspberry Pi, and the Arduino with extension shields all provide the tools to create multi-sensor devices that can sense and influence their analogue environment through their interaction with the digital world. 4

5. Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) 5

6. Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) – Cont’d Information systems, which are embedded into physical devices, are called “embedded systems”. These embedded systems are found in telecommunication, automation, and transport systems, among many others. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is the integration of computation, networking, and physical processes. Embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa. One example of CPS is an intelligent manufacturing line, where the machine can perform many work processes by communicating with the components and sometimes even the products they are in the process of making. Robotics is an obvious example of a CPS but presently they are adapted to work in many IIoT use cases, such as working in hazardous environments such as in fire fighting or mining, or doing dangerous jobs such as bomb disposal or performing heavy-duty tasks such as lifting car assemblies on the production line. 6

7. Wireless Technology 7

8. Wireless Technology – Cont’d Wireless technology evolved from the early systems, which could only offer limited bandwidth of 1-2Mbps and often a lot less than that over limited distances of 50 feet to high - performance Gbps systems. Security was a major issue as radio waves are open to eavesdropping since they broadcast over the air and anyone listening on the same frequency can make them out. For the sake of convenience, early Wi-Fi access points were open with no user credentials required for authorization and data went unencrypted over the air or was protected by a very weak security protocol called WEP (Wired Equivalent Protocol). Wi-Fi went from 802.11b with a realistic bit-rate of 1-2Mbps (theoretical 11Mbps) to 802.11n with realistic bit-rate of 70-90Mbps (theoretical 300Mpbs) in less than a decade. Significantly, security also had rapid improvements with the flawed WEP replaced eventually with WPA2, a far more secure encryption and authentication protocol. 8

9. Wireless Technology – Cont’d The combination of these improvements was Wi-Fi’s redemption in the IT enterprise and it has now gained full acceptance. In some cases, it is the preferred communications medium, as it provides flexible and seamless mobility around the workplace. Further amendments to the standards in 2013 have produced staggering results, with 802.11ac and 802.11ad producing theoretical bit-rates of 800Mbps and 6Gbps, respectively, due in part to advanced signal modulation through O FD M and the MIMO technology (Multi-IN/Multi-OUT). They use multiple radios and antennae to achieve full-duplex multi-stream communications. Additionally, amendments to the 802.11 protocol in 2015 produced the 802.11ah, which is designed for low-power use and longer range. It was envisaged to be a competitor to Bluetooth and ZigBee. One new feature of 802.11ah, which makes it differ from the traditional WLAN modes of operation, is that it has predetermined wake/doze period to conserve power. 9

10. Wireless Technology – Cont’d In addition, devices can be grouped with many other 802.11h devices to cooperate and share a signal, similar to a ZigBee mesh network. This enables neighbour area networks (NAN) of approximately 1KM, making it ideally suitable for the Industrial Internet of Things. The wireless technologies to address the specific needs of IoT devices are Thread, Digi M esh , WirelessHart , 802.15.4, Low-Power WiFi , LoHoWAN , WiFi HaLow , Bluetooth low-power, ZigBee-IP NAN, DASH7, and many others. 10

11. IP Mobility 11

12. IP Mobility – Cont’d It was around 2007 that wireless and smartphone technology transformed our perception of the world and our way of interacting with our environment. Prior to 2007 there was little interest in mobile Internet access via mobile devices even though high end mobiles and Blackberry handsets had been capable of WAP (Web Access Protocol). Device constraints and limited wireless bandwidth (2G) made anything other than e-mail a chore. An example of IP mobility is that employees can access cloud services and SaaS anywhere, which makes working very flexible. Previously with on-premises server-based software, employees could only access the application if they were within the company security boundaries, for example using a private IP address, within a specific range or by VPN from a remote connection. However, both of these methods were restrictive and not conducive to flexible working.   The first method meant physically being at the office, and the second meant IT having to configure a VPN connection, which they were loathed to do unless there was a justifiable reason. 12

13. Network Functionality Virtualization (NFV) 13

14. Network Functionality Virtualization (NFV) – Cont’d NFV is concerned with the virtualization of network functionality, routers, firewalls, and load balancers, for example, into software, which can then be deployed flexibly wherever it is required within the network. This makes networks agile and flexile, something that traditional networks lack but that is a requirement for the IIoT. By virtualizing functions such as firewall, content filters, WAN optimizers for example and then deploying them on commodity off-the-shelf ( CotS ) hardware, the network administrator can manage, replace, delete, troubleshoot, or configure the functions easier than they could when the functions were hard-coded into multi-service proprietary hardware. NFV proved a boon for industry, especially to Internet service providers, which could control the supply of services or deny services dependent on a service plan. For example, instead of WAN virtualization or firewall functions being integrated into the customers’ premise equipment (CPE) —and freely available to those who know how to configure the CPE—a service provider could host all their virtual services on a vCPE . 14

15. Network Functionality Virtualization (NFV) – Cont’d NFV achieves this improvement in service provisioning and instantiation by ensuring rapid service deployment while reducing the configuration, management, and troubleshooting burden. The promise of NFV is for the I I oT to: Realize new revenue streams Reduce capital expenditure Reduce operational expenditure Accelerate time to market Increase agility and flexibility 15

16. Network Virtualization Network virtualization provides a bridged overlay, which sits on top of the traditional layer-2/3 network. This bridged overlay is a construction of tunnels that propagates across the network providing layer-2 bridges. These tunnels are secure segregated traffic flows per user or even per service per user. They are comparable to VLANs but are not restricted to a limit of 4,096, instances. Instead, they use an encapsulation method to tunnel layer-2 packet flows through the traditional layer-3 network using the V xLAN protocol. The importance of this bridged overlay topology (tunnels) to NFV and the IIoT is that it provides not just a method for secure multi-tenancy via a segregated tunnel per user/service, but also provides real network flexibility. 16

17. SDN (Software Defined Networks) 17

18. SDN (Software Defined Networks) - Cont’d There is much debate about the relationship between NFV and SDN, but the truth is that they are complementary technologies and they dovetail together perfectly. The purpose of SDN is to abstract the complexities of the control plane from the forwarding plane. What that means is that it removes the logical decision making from network devices and simply uses the devices forwarding plane to transmit packets. The decision-making process transposes to a centralized SDN controller. This SDN controller interacts with the virtualized routers via southbound APIs (open flow) and higher applications via northbound APIs. The controller makes intelligent judgments on each traffic flow passing through a controlled router and tells the forwarding path how to handle the forwarding of the packets in the optimal way. 18

19. SDN (Software Defined Networks) - Cont’d It can do this because, unlike the router, it has a global view of the entire network and can see the best path to any destination without network convergence. SDN brings orchestration, which enables dynamic provisioning, automation, coordination, and management of physical and virtual elements in the network. Consequently, NFV and SDN working in conjunction can create an IIoT network virtual topology that can automate the provisioning of resources and services in minutes, rather than months. 19

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