Lecture # 01 Introduction to ECG-compressed.pptx

Einthoven, Sir Thomas Lewis, and others correlated the ECG waves with the contracting heart and correlated that
The P wave was related to atrial contraction and
The QRS deflection was associated with ventricular contraction

1. SANA IHSAN INTRODUCTION TO ECG/EKG

2. Outline Introduction to ECG or EKG History of EKG/ECG Galvani,1790 Mid 1880’s, Ludwig and Waller Research by Dr. Willem Einthoven & invention of ECG Machine Einthoven, Sir Thomas Lewis Frank Wilson, 1934

3. Introduction to E lectro C ardio G ram (ECG or EKG) The graphic representation of the heart’s electrical activity recorded through electrodes positioned at strategic points on the body constitutes the electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). EKG is the German spelling for elektrokardiographie

4. Electrocardiograph: The machine by which the electrical activities of heart recorded. Electrocardiographic paper: Used for recording ECG is known as ECG paper. Electrocardiographic Grid : Refers to the marking (lines) on ECG paper. ECG paper has horizontal and verticals lines at regular intervals of 1mm and every 5 th line (5mm) is thickened.

5. Introduction (Cont..) The recording of the electrical currents, their direction, and their magnitude, as well as the rate of the heart’s contractions, is made by the machine and electrocardiograph . The ECG is the recording obtained, and displays the following: Three major deflections or waves: The P wave, the QRS complex, and a T wave Two intervals of clinical importance: The PR interval and QRS duration

6. History of ECG Galvani,1790 In 1790 Luigi Galvani made dead frog’s legs dance by electrical stimulation . Galvani knew that completing a circuit connecting dissimilar metals to the legs of a recently deceased frog would create stimulating electrical current. The resulting electrical current would stimulate the frog’s legs to jump, and with repeated stimuli he could make them dance .

7. Kollicker and Mueller, 1855- 56 In 1855, Kollicker and Mueller found that a motor nerve to a frog’s leg was laid over its isolated beating heart, the leg kicked with each heartbeat. They thought “the same electrical stimulus that causes a frog’s leg to kick must cause the heart to beat. So, it was logical for them to assume that the beating of the heart must be due to a rhythmic discharge of electrical stimuli .

8. Mid 1880’s, Ludwig and Waller In the mid 1880’s, while using a “ capillary electrometer ” Ludwig and Waller discovered that the heart’s rhythmic electrical stimuli could be monitored from a person’s skin . However, their apparatus was not sensitive enough for clinical use. This achievement opened the door for recording the heart’s electrical activity from the skin.

9. Research by Dr. Willem Einthoven Einthoven recognized that the heart possessed electrical activity. He recorded this electrical activity using two sensors attached to the two forearms and connected to a silver wire that ran between two poles of a large permanent magnet. He noted that the silver wire moved rhythmically with the heartbeats.

10. Invention of EKG Machine by Einthoven in 1901 For the visualization of the silver wire small movements, Einthoven shone a light beam across the wire, and the wavy movements of the wire were recorded on moving photographic paper. Einthoven recorded the waves and spiky deflection and labeled the first smooth, rounded wave, P; the spiky deflection, QRS; and the last recorded wave,T.

11. Einthoven, Sir Thomas Lewis Einthoven, Sir Thomas Lewis, and others correlated the ECG waves with the contracting heart and correlated that The P wave was related to atrial contraction and The QRS deflection was associated with ventricular contraction.

12. Frank Wilson, 1934 Frank Wilson, who studied with Lewis, in Michigan (1934), described the unipolar leads that include the precordial V leads and VR, VL, and VF.

13. Reference Rapid ECG interpretation by Mr. M. Gabriel Khan 3 rd edition (Chapter # 01) Rapid interpretation of EKG by Dale Dubin 6 th edition(Chapter # 01)