lecture 01 of the system administration and administrator.pdf

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About This Presentation

System administration

Size: 3.05 MB
Language: en
Added: May 09, 2024
Slides: 101 pages

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CS615 - System Administration Slide 1
CS615-SystemAdministration
Department of Computer Science
Stevens Institute of Technology
Jan Schaumann
[email protected]
https://stevens.netmeister.org/615/
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 2
New Rules
Closeyourlaptops! (Silencephonesetc.)
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 3
New Rules
Closeyourlaptops! (Silencephonesetc.)
Openyoureyes!
(Mind, too.)
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System AdministratorWhatexactlydoes aSystem Administratordo?Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System AdministratorWhatexactlydoes aSystem Administratordo? https://is.gd/8vKPhlLecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator
http://www.opte.org/maps/
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator
See also:http://is.gd/WUezLL
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator
https://www.netmeister.org/blog/duct-tape-and-wd40.html
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System AdministratorWhatexactlydoes aSystem Administratordo?Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System AdministratorWhatexactlydoes aSystem Administratordo?
no precise job descriptionoften learned by experience“makes things run”work behind the scenesoften known as Operator, Network Administrator, System
Programmer, System Manager, Service Engineer, Site Reliability
Engineer etc.
system administrator n.:
one who, as a primary job function, manages computer and network
systems on behalf of another, such as an employer or client.
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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A rose by any other name... Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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So what is aSystem?“A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements that
together form a complex whole.”
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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So what is aSystem?“A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent elements that
together form a complex whole.”
In the context of this class, we generally considercomputer-human
systemsconsisting of
the computer(s)the networkthe user(s)the organization’s goals and policies
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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The Job of a System Administrator
Computering,atitsheart,
isapeopleproblem.
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Choose sides!
https://stevens.netmeister.org/615/teams.html
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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... andAdministration?Merriam Webster:
administer, v:to manage or supervise the execution, use, or
conduct of
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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... andAdministration?Merriam Webster:
administer, v:to manage or supervise the execution, use, or
conduct of
SystemAdministration frequently also includes other tasks such as
system design and architecturereliability studiesresource managementsystem fault diagnosis...
...all of which my involve a fair amount ofsoftware development,
programmingandscripting.
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Learning System AdministrationSystem Administration is a profession with no fixed career path.
few degree granting programsheavy reliance on practical experiencespecializations in many different areas possiblebreadth of expertise as necessary as depth in some areasbackground knowledge and requirements vary
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Learning System AdministrationBreadth of knowledge:
operating system conceptsTCP/IP networkingprogrammingcloud computing...
Depth of knowledge:
certain OS flavorspecific service (DNS, E-Mail, Databases, Content-Delivery, ...)specific implementation/vendor (Oracle, Hadoop, Apache, Cisco, ...)specific are of expertise (security, storage, network, datacenter, ...)...
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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People think the internet looks like this. Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Or like this.
http://www.opte.org/maps/
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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SysAdmins know it looks like this. Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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SyllabusDates and Topics subject to change:
01/27: Introduction, UNIX history and basics02/03: Filesystems and Disks02/10: Software Installation Concepts02/17: Multi-user basics02/24 - 03/02: Networking03/09 - 03/23: DNS, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS03/30: Writing System Tools04/06: Monitoring, Backup and Disaster Recovery04/13: Configuration Management04/20: System Security04/27: Ethics and Social Responsibility
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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GradingYou are responsible for your work.
Know when assignments are due!
Grading:
course participation, questionnaires, course notesteam missionhomework assignmentsgroup project(s)
Team missions, discussions, announcements etc.:
https://lists.stevens.edu/mailman/listinfo/cs615asa
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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GradingYou are responsible for your work.
There are no make-up assignments, no extra credit work at theend of
the semester.
Allocate your time wisely. If medical or family emergenciesarise, contact
meASAP, as late submissions are otherwise not allowed.
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 61
Course Notes
create a git repository with a single text file for each lecturebefore each lecture, note:
what you readwhat questions you have
after each lecture:
answers you’ve found, or especially interesting new thingsyou
learned
what questions remainwhat new questions arosewhat additional reading might be relevant
at the end of the semester, submit all your notes
https://stevens.netmeister.org/615/course-notes.html
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Course NotesLet’s set upgitreal quick...
https://stevens.netmeister.org/615/git.html
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Hooray!
5MinuteBreak
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Computer Science Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System DesignWe will give particular attention to these three core features:
ScalabilitySecuritySimplicity
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Scalability
System Overload
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Scalability
Scaling Vertically
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Scalability
Scaling Horizontally
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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Scalability
Scaling Down
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Security Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Security Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Security
https://www.netmeister.org/blog/infosec-basics.html
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Simplicity Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Simplicity Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Three Pillars of Exceptional System Design: Simplicity Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Learning is criticalKnow how to find answers:
knowhowto ask questionsknowwhereto ask questionsread criticallyknow what you don’t know (Dunning-Kruger effect)understandwhatyou’re doingunderstandwhyyou’re doing itseek information exchange
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Learning is critical
“ComputerScienceprojectsareopportunities,
notassignments.”
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Learning is criticalKnow how to find answers:
knowhowto ask questionsknowwhereto ask questionsread criticallyknow what you don’t know (Dunning-Kruger effect)understandwhatyou’re doingunderstandwhyyou’re doing itseek information exchange
https://stevens.netmeister.org/615/meetup.html
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SysAdmins’ favorite LawsOckham’s Razor:
“Of two equivalent theories or explanations, all other things
being equal, the simpler one is to be preferred.”
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SysAdmins’ favorite LawsOckham’s Razor:
“Of two equivalent theories or explanations, all other things
being equal, the simpler one is to be preferred.”
2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
“The entropy of an isolated system always increases with time.”
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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SysAdmins’ favorite LawsOckham’s Razor:
“Of two equivalent theories or explanations, all other things
being equal, the simpler one is to be preferred.”
2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
“The entropy of an isolated system always increases with time.”
Hanlon’s Razor:
“Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately
explained by stupidity.”
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 82
SysAdmins’ favorite LawsOckham’s Razor:
“Of two equivalent theories or explanations, all other things
being equal, the simpler one is to be preferred.”
2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
“The entropy of an isolated system always increases with time.”
Hanlon’s Razor:
“Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately
explained by stupidity.”
Pareto’s Principle:
“80% of consequences stem from 20% of the causes.”
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 83
SysAdmins’ favorite LawsOckham’s Razor:
“Of two equivalent theories or explanations, all other things
being equal, the simpler one is to be preferred.”
2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
“The entropy of an isolated system always increases with time.”
Hanlon’s Razor:
“Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately
explained by stupidity.”
Pareto’s Principle:
“80% of consequences stem from 20% of the causes.”
Sturgeon’s Law:
“90% of everything is crud.”
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 84
SysAdmins’ favorite LawsOckham’s Razor:
“Of two equivalent theories or explanations, all other things
being equal, the simpler one is to be preferred.”
2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
“The entropy of an isolated system always increases with time.”
Hanlon’s Razor:
“Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately
explained by stupidity.”
Pareto’s Principle:
“80% of consequences stem from 20% of the causes.”
Sturgeon’s Law:
“90% of everything is crud.”
Murphy’s Law:
“If it can happen, it will happen.”
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 85
SysAdmins’ favorite LawsOckham’s Razor:
“Of two equivalent theories or explanations, all other things
being equal, the simpler one is to be preferred.”
2nd Law of Thermodynamics:
“The entropy of an isolated system always increases with time.”
Hanlon’s Razor:
“Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately
explained by stupidity.”
Pareto’s Principle:
“80% of consequences stem from 20% of the causes.”
Sturgeon’s Law:
“90% of everything is crud.”
Murphy’s Law:
“If it can happen, it will happen.”
Throw in some philosophy for good measure:
Causality: For every effect, there must be a cause.
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 86
UNIXHistory
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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UNIX historyhttps://is.gd/TUOAB2
Originally developed in 1969 at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and
Dennis Ritchie.
1973, Rewritten in C. This made it portable and changed the history
of OS
1974: Thompson, Joy, Haley and students at Berkeley developthe
BerkeleySoftwareDistribution (BSD) of UNIX
two main directions emerge: BSD and what was to become “System
V”
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 88
Notable dates in UNIX history
1984 4.2BSD released (TCP/IP), 1986 4.3BSD released (NFS)1991 Linus Torvalds starts working on the Linux kernel1993 Settlement of USL vs. BSDi; NetBSD, then FreeBSD are
created
1994 Single UNIX Specification introduced1995 4.4BSD-Lite Release 2 (last CSRG release); OpenBSD forked
off NetBSD
2000 Darwin created (derived from NeXT, FreeBSD, NetBSD)2003 Xen; SELinux2005 Hadoop; DTrace; ZFS; Solaris Containers2006 AWS (”Cloud Computing” comes full circle)2007 iOS; KVM appears in Linux2008 Android; Solaris open sourced as OpenSolaris
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Notable dates in UNIX history
2010 Systemd2011 Chrome OS; rise of Microservices2013 Docker2014 Kubernetes2016 Windows Subsystem for Linux...
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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Some UNIX versionsMore UNIX (some generic, some trademark, some just unix-like):
1BSD 2BSD 3BSD 4BSD 4.4BSD Lite 1
4.4BSD Lite 2 386 BSD A/UX Acorn RISC iX AIX
AIX PS/2 AIX/370 AIX/6000 AIX/ESA AIX/RT
AMiX AOS Lite AOS Reno ArchBSD ASV
Atari Unix BOS BRL Unix BSD Net/1 BSD Net/2
BSD/386 BSD/OS CB Unix Chorus Chorus/MiX
Coherent CTIX Darwin Debian GNU/Hurd DEC OSF/1 ACP
Digital Unix DragonFly BSD Dynix Dynix/ptx ekkoBSD
FreeBSD GNU GNU-Darwin HPBSD HP-UX
HP-UX BLS IBM AOS IBM IX/370 Interactive 386/ix Interactive IS
IRIX Linux Lites LSX Mac OS X
Mac OS X Server Mach MERT MicroBSD Mini Unix
Minix Minix-VMD MIPS OS MirBSD Mk Linux
Monterey more/BSD mt Xinu MVS/ESA OpenEdition NetBSD
NeXTSTEP NonStop-UX Open Desktop Open UNIX OpenBSD
OpenServer OPENSTEP OS/390 OpenEdition OS/390 Unix OSF/1
PC/IX Plan 9 PWB PWB/UNIX QNX
QNX RTOS QNX/Neutrino QUNIX ReliantUnix Rhapsody
RISC iX RT SCO UNIX SCO UnixWare SCO Xenix
SCO Xenix System V/386 Security-Enhanced Linux Sinix Sinix ReliantUnix Solaris
SPIX SunOS Tru64 Unix Trusted IRIX/B Trusted Solaris
Trusted Xenix TS UCLA Locus UCLA Secure Unix Ultrix
Ultrix 32M Ultrix-11 Unicos Unicos/mk Unicox-max
UNICS UNIX 32V UNIX Interactive UNIX System III UNIX System I V
UNIX System V UNIX System V Release 2 UNIX System V Release 3 UN IX System V Release 4 UNIX System V/286
UNIX System V/386 UNIX Time-Sharing System UnixWare UNSW US G
Venix Wollogong Xenix OS Xinu xMach
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UNIX Everywhere
Today,yourdesktop,server,cloud,TV,phone,
watch,stereo,carnavigationsystem,thermostat,
doorlock,etc. allrunaUnix-likeOS...
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UNIX Everywhere
Today,yourdesktop,server,cloud,TV,phone,
watch,stereo,carnavigationsystem,thermostat,
doorlock,etc. allrunaUnix-likeOS...
...withalltherisksthatentails.
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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UNIXBasics
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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UNIX BasicsThe OS is divided into
kernelshelltools & applications
Basic UNIX features:
multitaskingmultiuserportabilitynetworking capabilities
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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UNIX BasicsThese features necessitate/result in:
multi-user concepts
user privilegesfile permissionsprocess ownership and prioritiesdisk quotas
security considerations
protect users’ dataprotect communicationprotect superuser account
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 96
UNIX Basics: PipelinesWhat is the longest word found on the ten most frequently retrieved
English Wikipedia pages?
for f in $(curl -L http://is.gd/c6F2fs | zgrep -i "^en " |
sort -k3 -n | tail -10 |
sed -e ’s/en \(.*\) [0-9]* [0-9]*/\1/’); do
links -dump http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/${f}
done |
tr ’[:punct:]’ ’ ’ |
tr ’[:space:]’ ’\n’ |
tr ’[:upper:]’ ’[:lower:]’ |
egrep ’^[a-z]+$’ |
awk ’{ print length() " " $0; }’ |
sort | uniq | sort -n |
tail -1
See also:https://blog.jessfraz.com/post/for-the-love-of-pipes/
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 97
Program Designhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy
UNIX programs...
...are simple...follow the element of least surprise...accept input fromstdin...generate output tostdout...generate meaningful error messages tostderr...have meaningful exit codes...have a manual page
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

CS615 - System Administration Slide 98
HWMake sure you have:
an account onlinux-lab.cs.stevens.eduan AWS accountbookmarked the course websitesubscribed to the class mailing liststarted your course notesknow your team and understood your team mission
https://stevens.netmeister.org/615/course-notes.html
https://stevens.netmeister.org/615/s19-hw1.html
https://stevens.netmeister.org/cgi-bin/CS615-02.cgi
https://stevens.netmeister.org/615/filesystems-exercise.html
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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TheEnd
Hooray!
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ReadingMiscellaneous:
http://www.opsschool.org/https://archive.is/Akjauhttp://linuxcommand.org/lc3_learning_the_shell.phphttps://is.gd/NNAIIm
UNIX history:
https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/hist.htmlhttp://www.futuretech.blinkenlights.nl/admin/day1a.htmlhttp://www.levenez.com/unix/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020

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ReadingUNIX basics:
chmod(1), chown(1), ls(1)intro(1), login(1), passwd(5)su(1), sudo(8)
Lecture 01: Introduction January 27, 2020
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