Lecture 06 Architecture and Town Planning.pptx

Lecture landscapping

1. ARCHITECTURAL STYLES LECTURE # 6

2. BUILDING ARCHITECTURE Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, a style and " architecture " is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions/styles of that craft.

3. ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Architectural style is a way of classifying architecture largely by apparent characteristics: Form Techniques Materials

4. ARCHITECTURAL STYLES STYLE  is a quality; the “historic styles” represent phases of development.  An historic style  is the particular phase, the characteristic manner of design, which prevails at a given time and place. It is the result of intellectual, moral, social, religious, and even political conditions. 

5. ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Technically, architectural styles are identified by:- the means to cover enclosed spaces, the characteristic forms of the supports and other members (piers, columns, arches, mouldings, traceries, etc.), And the decoration of buildings

6. ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Major architectural styles include: Neolithic style Egyptian style Neoclassical style Roman style Gothic style Renaissance style Modern style Post modern style Arc Deco Style Deconstructive Style

7. NEOLITHIC STYLE Also known as “Stone-Age” architecture contains some of the oldest known structures made by mankind. Neolithic cultures have been shown to have existed in southwest Asia as early as 8000 B.C. to 6000 B.C.

8. NEOLITHIC STYLE Typically 1 story houses Materials used for Neolithic era houses were Stones Logs (used for flooring of houses) Clay (used as sealing on the roof) Wattle and daub (mixture of twigs and mud interwoven together) Wattle and daub,   in building construction, method of constructing walls in which vertical wooden stakes, or wattles, are woven with horizontal twigs and branches, and then daubed with clay or mud. This method is one of the oldest known for making a weatherproof structure

9. NEOLITHIC STYLE

10. NEOLITHIC STYLE

11. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Due to lack of wood most Egyptian architecture was made with mud-brick and stone. Minerals included sandstone, limestone, and granite, which were generally used for tombs and temples. Most ancient Egyptian towns have been lost because they were situated in the cultivated and flooded area of the Nile Valley.

12. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Temples and tombs have survived: Built on ground unaffected by the Nile flood Constructed of stone. Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its religious monuments such as Pyramids. All monumental buildings are post and lintel constructions, with flat roofs constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns.

13. ARCHITECTURE: The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces out of STONE , the most durable of all building materials. These building projects took a high degree of architectural and engineering SKILL , and the organization of a LARGE WORKFORCE consisting of highly trained craftsmen and laborers.

14. Ancient Egyptian Architecture (from 3000 BC to 700 BC ) Egyptian architecture is easily recognizable, thanks to its most famous buildings – pyramids. The construction of these impressive burial places for pharaohs and their families required between 20,000 and 30,000 workers. Construction materials were limestone and sun-baked bricks. Workers had to transport materials by sled and than they had to lift the blocks using the system of ramps and pulleys. Other Egyptian structures were temples and tombs, which were often decorated with hieroglyphics and carvings.

15. The Great Pyramid of Giza

16. GREEK ARCHITECTURE Our word “architecture” comes from the Greek architecton , which means “master carpenter.” Greek architecture employed wood and stone but the early structures, have not survived.

17. ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE Symmetry ruled the ancient Greek and Roman buildings. The builders should use mathematical principles for construction Classical buildings were supported by sets of columns with decorative bands above, called friezes Greeks differentiated among three types of column – Doric, Ionic and Corinthian.

18. Orders Doric: Columns Without basis Sharp-edged shaft Simple capital, without decoration Tablature Frieze divided Metopes Triglyphs Cornice Triangular pediment

19. Of the three columns found in Greece, Doric columns are the simplest. They have a capital (the top, or crown) made of a circle topped by a square. The shaft (the tall part of the column) is plain and has 20 sides. There is no base in the Doric order. The Doric order is very plain, but powerful-looking in its design. Doric, like most Greek styles, works well horizontally on buildings, that's why it was so good with the long rectangular buildings made by the Greeks. The area above the column, called the frieze [pronounced "freeze"], had simple patterns. Above the columns are the metopes and triglyphs . The metope [pronounced "met-o-pee"] is a plain, smooth stone section between triglyphs . Sometimes the metopes had statues of heroes or gods on them. The triglyphs are a pattern of 3 vertical lines between the metopes . There are many examples of ancient Doric buildings. Perhaps the most famous one is the Parthenon in Athens, which is probably the most famous and most studied building on Earth. Buildings built even now borrow some parts of the Doric order .

20. Orders Ionic: Columns: With basis Blunt-edged shaft Capital with volutes Tablature Three bands, without decoration Continues frieze (decorated) Cornice Triangular pediment

21. Ionic shafts were taller than Doric ones. This makes the columns look slender. They also had flutes , which are lines carved into them from top to bottom. The shafts also had a special characteristic: entasis , which is a little bulge in the columns make the columns look straight, even at a distance [because since you would see the building from eye level, the shafts would appear to get narrower as they rise, so this bulge makes up for that - so it looks straight to your eye but it really isn't !] . The frieze is plain. The bases were large and looked like a set of stacked rings. Ionic capitals consist of a scrolls above the shaft. The Ionic style is a little more decorative than the Doric.

22. Orders Corinthian: Columns: With basis High blunt-edged shaft Capital decorated with acantus leaves and small volutes Tablature: Three bands without decoration Continuous frieze Cornice Triangular pediment

23. The Corinthian order is the most decorative and is usually the one most modern people like best. Corinthian also uses entasis to make the shafts look straight. The Corinthian capitals have flowers and leaves below a small scroll. The shaft has flutes and the base is like the Ionian. Unlike the Doric and Ionian cornices , which are at a slant, the Corinthian roofs are flat.

24. GREEK ARCHITECTURE Early temples had massive pillars as architects worried about their ability to support the weight above. Later temples appear more elegant. Temple of Hera, Paestum Hephaistion, Athens

25. Greek Architecture 26

26. The ‘principle’ of ideal proportion If the ratio for length & width of rectangles is 1.6180339887... Its impact is the most pleasing to eye. It imparted a feeling of order and harmony. Construction of a  golden rectangle : 1. Construct a unit square (red). 2. Draw a line from the midpoint of one side to an opposite corner. 3. Use that line as the radius to draw an arc that defines the long dimension of the rectangle. A rectangles that have the length to width ratios of (1+5 1/2 )/2 Golden Ratio of Proportions 27

27. The figure is a set of golden rectangles inscribed in a logarthmic spiral. 28

28. BUILDING SYSTEMS It has lintels, and it is apparently serene and equilibrate Dominant lines are horizontal and vertical The column is the essential element Building materials limestone and white marble Walls are made of regular ashlars, without mortar ( stretcher and header bond= soga y tizón ) Buildings were polychrome There are not fixed measures, this is why there are different orders

29. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Adopted from Greek classical architecture. After conquest of Greece by the Roman Empire , builder s took many examples from Greek architecture but gave their structures more decoration s . In addition to houses, temples, and palaces, Romans constructed aqueducts, public baths, shops, theaters, and outdoor arenas.

30. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Constructed new structural principles based on the development of the arch and a new building material, concrete. First to utilize two forms of roof design, the arch and vault. Vault is an arched roof or ceiling (dome). Eliminated use for columns to support roofs. Columns used mainly for sculptural decoration.

31. The Shanghai International Convention Centre, China The United States Capitol Building The Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville, Tennessee; built in 2006. 32 Lec 11. Styles of Architecture

32. Column styles by Greeks & Romans Ionic Column Doric Column Corinthian Columns sit on rectangular bases and connect to the top of roof of the building. The top of the columns are called Capitals. There are three types of columns. Ionic: slim columns designed to represent a tall tree of stream of water with two spirals at the top of the column representing waves. Doric: enormous, solid structures with no ornamentation on top. Corinthian: resembles a tree with leaves at the top. 33

33. Doric: Temple of Zeus at Olympia Architecture

34. Corinthian: The temple of Zeus at Athens 2 nd c. BC Architecture

35. The Coliseum- a blend of Greek and Roman architecture The arches are supported by central columns. The columns on the first floor are Doric. The columns on the second floor are Ionic. The columns on the third floor are Corinthian.

36. NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE Neoclassical style produced by the neoclassical movement during the 18th century. Neoclassical, or "new" classical, architecture describes buildings that are inspired by the classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.

37. NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE A Neoclassical building is likely to have some (but not necessarily all) of these features: Symmetrical shape Tall columns that rise the full height of the building Triangular Pediment Domed roof Examples: U.S. Capitol Building, White House 38

38. CHARACTERISTICS Order and Harmony Simplicity of shape and exactness of proportion Light Gardens Society and Utopianism Ordering creation Intellectual rather than emotional or spiritual Classicism Restraint, good sense, decorum, good taste, correctness

39. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Mainly flourished in France from the 1100’s to 1400’s. They marked it as “Gothic” to suggest it was the crude work of German barbarians (Goths). This systems of construction allowed for architects to design churches with thinner walls and lighter piers. Piers extended several stories high and into the roof area making individual columns like ribs on an open umbrella.

40. Lec 11. Styles of Architecture 41

41. Gothic innovations Pointed arch (instead of round arch) Ribbed vault (instead of dome) Stained glass windows 42 Lec 11. Styles of Architecture

42. Abbey Church of Saint Denis ribbed vaulting 43 Lec 11. Styles of Architecture

43. Lec 11. Styles of Architecture 44 Abbey Church of Saint Denis Stained glass

44. Renaissance Architecture Beginning between the early 15th and the early 17th centuries. Renaissance buildings have a square, symmetrical, planned appearance. The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts

45. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE Orderly arrangement of arches replaced the more complex proportional view of buildings. Facades (front of building) are symmetrical around their vertical axis. The columns and windows show a progression towards the center. Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings. They are not left open. They are frequently painted or decorated.

46. St. Peter’s

47. MODERN ARCHITECTURE Building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. Dominant architectural style, particularly for institutional and corporate building, for several decades in the 20th century. Use materials such as iron, steel, concrete, and glass. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support. Modern architecture seen in most skyscrapers.

48. MODERN ARCHITECTURE Modern architecture is usually characterized by:▪ a rejection of historical styles as a source of architectural form (historicism) an adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine the result an adoption of the machine aesthetic a rejection of ornament a simplification of form and elimination of "unnecessary detail"

49. Golden Gate La Défense 52

50. ART DECO ARCHITECTURE Popular design movement from 1920 until 1939. Materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, lacquer, etc. Popular themes in art deco were zigzagged, geometric, and jumbled shapes, which can be seen in many early pieces. Bold use of stepped forms, and sweeping curves, symmetry and repetition. Art Deco style celebrates the Machine Age through explicit use of man-made materials (particularly glass and stainless steel)

51. Post-Modern Architecture Began as American style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1960s Diverse aesthetics, styles collide. BASICALLY, ANYTHING GOES! Most post-modernists works are small buildings such as houses and stores.

52. Lec 11. Styles of Architecture

53. DECONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTURE Deconstructivism in architecture is a development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s. It is characterized by ideas of fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, an interest in manipulating structure's surface or skin. 60

54. DECONSTRUCTIVIST ARCHITECTURE Non-rectilinear shapes distort and complicate some elements of design, such as structure and form. The finished visual appearance of buildings exhibit the many deconstructivist "styles" is characterized by a stimulating unpredictability and a controlled chaos.