Lecture 1 Building types and components of building.pptx

Building types and components of building

1. What Is Building A structure with walls and a roof standing more or less permanently in one place is commonly known as a building. For example a house or factory.  Buildings  serve several societal needs – primarily as shelter, living space, privacy & security, to store materials, workspace, etc. In this lecture in first part we will discuss different types of buildings , and than components of building will be discussed.

2. Part 1 Types Of Buildings: Types of buildings may be classified in two ways: On the basis of its use, On the basis of Structure.

3. Classification based on type of use: Depending upon the character of occupancy or the type of use, buildings can be classified into different categories as follows: 1. Residential Buildings: 2. Educational Buildings: 3. Institutional Buildings: 4. Assembly Buildings: 5. Business Buildings: 6. Mercantile Buildings: 7. Industrial Buildings: 8. Storage Buildings: 9. Hazardous Buildings :

4. Residential Building Residential building means a private building. A residential building is one that is planned and in like manner worked for occupants to live.

5. Educational Building Educational building means a  building exclusively used for a school, college or University , recognized by the appropriate Board/ University/Council .

6. Any building or a part of building which are constructed by government, semi-government organizations or any registered trusts used for purposes like medical or other treatment, physical or mental illness institutes, auditoriums, children hospitals, old age homes, etc. are included into the institutional buildings . Institutional Building

7. Any building or a part of a building like theaters, assembly halls, auditorium, museums, exhibition halls, club houses, dance halls, sports stadiums, transportation service such as bus stops, railway stations, airports, taxi stands, etc. where groups of people gather for entertainment, travel, religious purpose, programs or other similar works. Assembly Building

8. Business Building Any building or a part of building which is used for business purpose and used for transaction of business, work or accounts for purposes like shops, beauty salons, barber shops, banks, launch counters, food courts, breakfast stalls, professional corporate offices

9. These shall include buildings used for shop, markets, stores, wholesale or retail . Mercantile Buildings

10. Industrial Buildings These types of building are mainly used for manufacturing purposes. Here products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, or processed, for example, gas plants, refineries, mills, dairies, etc.

11. Storage Buildings These buildings are generally used for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares, or merchandise like warehouses, cold storages, garages, stables, transit sheds, etc.

12. Hazardous Buildings This building is used to store, handle, or manufacture highly corrosive, toxic, acid or other liquids or chemicals that produce flame, fumes explosives, etc .

13. Classification Based On Structure Load bearing Structure Framed structure Load Bearing Structures : In this type of structures loads from roof slab or trusses and floors are transmitted through walls to the firm soil below the ground .This type of structures are ava il a b l e at ele me n t s l i k e beams, slabs rests directly on walls.

14. F rame d St r u c tu r e s : R e i n f o r ce d c e m e n t c o n cr ete st r u c t ur e s ar e t h e m o s t co m m on type of construction today. They consist of a skeleton of bea m s & c o l u m n s . The load i s tr an s f e rr e d fr om beams to the columns and column intern transfer the load d i r ect l y t o the sub so i l t hr o ug h foo t i n g . Framed structures are suitable for multi- storey building subjected to variety of extreme loads like compressive, tensile torsion, shear along with moment. The op e n s p a ces i n the s k e l e t on a r e t o b e filled with brick walls or glass panels. F rame d St r u c tu r e s

15. Part 2: Elements of Building Construction

16. Common Building Components Basic Building Componen t s Super Structu r e Substructure

17. Super Structure The superstructure is that part of the building which is above the ground and which serves the purpose of building’s intended use. It includes : Plinth level, Sill level and Lintel level Wall , Slab, columns and Beams Floors and Roofs Parapet Steps and stairs

18. Substructure The substructure is the lower portion of the building, which is located below ground level which transmits the load of the superstructure to the sub soil. it includes Foundations

19. F o u nd a t i o n The basic function of foundation T r a n smit the load f r o m b u il d i ng t o the subsoil, in such a way that settlement are within permissible limit the soil does not fail in shear Reduce the load intensity Even distribution of load Provide level surface

20. Types Of Foundation Foundations may be broadly classified as (a) Shallow Foundation (b) Deep foundation (a) Shallow Foundation Spread footing Combined footing Grillage Foundation Mat Foundation or Raft Foundation

21. Spread Footings

22. Combined Footing

23. Grillage Foundation

24. Mat/Raft Foundation

25. Deep Foundation Deep foundation may be of following types Pile foundation Pier Well or caissons

26. Pile Foundation:- Pile Foundation is that type of foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be timber

27. Pier Foundation: A Pier foundation consist of cylindrical column of large diameter to support and transfer large superimposed load to the firm strata below.

28. Well Foundation

29. Super Structure : The superstructure is that part of the building which is constructed above the plinth level.

30. Plinth level, Sill level and Lintel level Plinth level means  the level of the floor of a building immediately above the surrounding ground . This  level between the base portion of the window and portion of the floor above ground level (upwards) is called the Sill level . A mortar bed or concrete bed is laid at the base of the window. The level between the top portion of the window and the top slab is called the Lintel level .

31. Wall Wall  is a structure defining an exact area and providing safety & shelter. There are various types of walls used in the construction of buildings given below. The construction of walls depending upon the types of material. According to material, these are mainly classified as: Brick masonry, Stone masonry, These are used to transfer the load from the roof to plinth beam. These are also providing support to the building in some cases.

32. W alls

33. Columns are vertical members along which beams and slab /roof is supported. They are square, rectangular and circular in shape. Columns

34. Beam A beam is a  horizontal structural member  in a building to resist the lateral loads applied to the beam’s axis. 

35. Roof/ Slab Roof: The upper most part of the building constitutes the roof. The Slab and roof encloses the space and offers protection from rain, heat, snow, wind, sound, fire

36. Floor: A floor is a plane area to support occupants, furniture's, and equipment. Floor

37. Doors And Windows A door provides a connecting link between rooms, allowing easy free movement in the building. Window are opening provided in walls. Doors and windows provide lighting and ventilation. The provide resistance to weather, sound and heat. They provide security and privacy

38. Sizes of Doors For Residential Area Internal doors 0.9 x 2.0 m External doors 1.2 x 2 m Door for bath and w.c. 0.75 x 2.0 m Industrial Buildings Width 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 m Depth or height 2.0 m, 2.5 m

39. Battened And Ledge Door Types of Doors: Battened and Ledged Door

40. Battened And Braced Door

41. Framed And Panneled Door

42. Glazed Door

43. Flush Door

44. Louvered Door

45. Revolving Door

46. Sliding Door

47. Collapsible Steel Door

48. Rolling Shutter Door

49. Sizes of Windows Sizes of Windows : 0.6, 0.75, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.8m Depth : 0.6 0.75, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8 m S i z e o f V e nt il ato r : W id t h = . 3 , . 45 , . 6 , . 75 , 0.9 m

50. Pivoted W indow

51. Double Hung

52. Sliding W i n d ow

53. Casement Window

54. Sash W i n d ow

55. Louvered Window

56. Corner Window

57. Bay Window

58. Dormer Window

59. Gable Window

60. S k y li g ht W i n d o w

61. Steps and Stairs In o n e f l i g h t m a xim u m 8 st e p s should be p r o v i d e d f or mo r e t ha n 8 st e p s i t is Steps and stairs are meant to provide access between different levels. Stairs should be properly located to provide easy access and fast services to the building. recommended to provide them with lending. Generally for residential building width of stair is 1.0 m and 1.2 m No of risers= Total height of floor/ Height of riser No of tread= Number of riser-1

62. Steps and Stairs

63. Types of Stair Case

64. P a r a p e t Parapet: p a rt i ti o n P a r ape t i s g e n e r a l l y 1 c m t hick w a l l c o n st r u c t ed a b o v e s l ab to e n close t he t errac e open t o s k y . T hickness is 10 to 15 cm height is 1.0 m to 1.2 m