LECTURE # 2 - HISTORY and Watercolor TECHNIQUES.ppt

LECTURE # 2 - HISTORY and Watercolor TECHNIQUES.ppt

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Architectural Visual Communication 4:
Visual Technology 2

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Topics
WATERCOLOR
I.History
II.Techniques in using watercolor
III.Introduction to Rendering Techniques

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WATERCOLOR:
History and Techniques

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WATERCOLOR:
History of Watercolor

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•Date back to cave paintings of Lascaux and Altamira
•Magdalenian style – Lascaux (c. 15,000 BCE) and Altamira
(10,000 BCE) up to Neolithic period
•Cave painting most common themes are images of large wild
animals such as bison, horses, aurochs and deer
•Pigments used include red and yellow ochre, hematite,
manganese oxide and charcoal
History: From Caves to Tombs and Temples

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•Ancient Egyptians – tombs and temples
•Used pulp of Papyrus Plant
•Scrolls – pigment of ochres and siennas came from earth
•Example of Minerals:
•Cinnabar – Red
•Azure – Blue
•Malachite - Green
History: From Caves to Tombs and Temples

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•Chinese and Japanese – silk and handmade paper
•Literary tradition – Calligraphy / Calligraphic approach
•Natural Environment – Landscape
History: Far and Middle East (Early Traditions)

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•Indian subcontinent, Persia and part of the Islamic world –
parchment made of sheepskin, and vellum manufactured
from calfskin
•Decorative direction – Book of Kells (800 AD), Les Tres
Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (15th century)
History: Far and Middle East (Early Traditions)

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•Fresco – wall painting, famous example is Sistine Chapel
•Soon applied to wet plaster then paper
History: Europe (Medieval to Renaissance Period)

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•Arabs – spread and mass production of the improved paper
product
•Fabriano mills – producing paper as early as 1264 (Italy)
- invented surface sizing
- invented first watermark
- White paper (1945)
History: Papermaking and Watercolor

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•The First “Modern” Master of Watercolor
•Father of modern watercolor painting
•Travelled to Italy 1494-95 and became acquainted with
Giovianni Bellini
•Also doing Landscape Painting
•Mastered wash technique of watercolor
History: Albrecht ‘Albert’ Durer (1471-1528)

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History: Albert Durer (1471-1528)

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History: Albert Durer (1471-1528)

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•More on monochromatic
wash watercolor technique
•Focuses on Landscape
canvas
•Introduced combining
mixed media such as pen
and ink on watercolor
rendering
History: The Wash Technique (17th Century)

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WATERCOLOR:
Characteristics of Watercolor Rendering
and Techniques of Wash Rendering

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Topics
WATERCOLOR: Characteristic in Rendering and its
Basic Techniques
I.Main Components
II.Characteristics of Watercolor
III.Techniques of Wash Rendering
IV.Additional Watercolor Techniques
V.Tertiary Techniques

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WATERCOLOR:
Main Components

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•Basically consist of two (2) main components: Pigment and
Binding Medium
1.PIGMENTS – gives the paint their color, can either be
organic or inorganic
a.ORGANIC PIGMENTS - contain carbon and can be
derived naturally from living matter or produced
synthetically
b.INORGANIC PIGMENTS – contain metals and can be
mined directly from the earth, or manufactured in
a lab
Watercolor: Main Components

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•Basically consist of two (2) main components: Pigment and
Binding Medium
2.BINDING MEDIUMS
•This what makes watercolor paints different from
other types of paints
•Watercolor binding medium is made from natural
gum Arabic or synthetic compounds
Watercolor: Main Components

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WATERCOLOR:
Characteristics of Watercolor

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1.QUALITY
•Comes in student grade and professional grade quality
•Professional grade – higher concentration of pigment
and better permanence ratings
•Student grade – use more fillers and use cheaper
pigments
2.LIGHTFASTNESS AND PERMANENCE
•Refers to whether the pigment can withstand exposure
to light and humidity without fading or altering color
3.TRANSPARENCY / OPACITY
•Transparent - means that light is able to shine through
the white surface and reflect back to the eye
•Opaque - blocks the lights, preventing it from being
reflected off the paper
Watercolor: Characteristics of Watercolor

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4.MIXING
•Water is the solvent mixed
•This will determine how intense the color as well as
affecting its transparency
5.DRYING
•Watercolor is reactivated when wet
•Can be reworked at anytime after drying
Watercolor: Characteristics of Watercolor

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WATERCOLOR:
Techniques of Wash Rendering

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•Technique of pulling a long bead of water down a sheet of
paper by means of a paint brush and gravity
•Simple, a single, non-graded tone
•Not required to change in tone and intensity a half-dozen
times or more
•Good wash means “clarity” and should remain clear and
transparent
Watercolor: The Wash

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•Uniformity in tone (color) and value (degree of lightness or
darkness)
•Considered the easiest to execute
•Begin with a tray of enough paint solution so as to not have
to stop and remix additional batch before the wash is
complete
Watercolor: The Flat Wash

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•Changes or gradates in value or intensity from ones end to
the other
•Light to Dark or Dark to Light should be accomplished
•Overlapping but should have a smooth consistency
Watercolor: The Graded Wash

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•Also known as the Layered Wash
•More than a single wash and considered as a separate type
•Usually consists of multiple layers of flat washes, similar in
color and intensity and built-up in progressively smaller
bands or areas
•Overlapping similar to graded wash
•Rather than smooth consistency, stepped wash progresses
in visible steps
Watercolor: The Stepped Wash

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WATERCOLOR:
Additional Watercolor Techniques

29. Watercolor Washes
•Dry Wash
Use a large flat or round
brush and an angled
surface like a drafting table
or easel (this way gravity
does some work for you.)
On your palette, mix a
generous amount of water
with your chosen pigment.
Remember that
watercolors dry lighter
than they look when
they're wet. You might
want to practice on a scrap
of watercolor paper first.

30. •Wet Wash
A wet surface watercolor
wash is about the same
as a dry wash, with one
main difference: First
you'll dip your brush in
water and brush it over
the whole surface. Be
generous with the water
here — you want the
paper glistening with
moisture.
Watercolor Washes
Once you’ve wet the area, dip the brush in paint
and apply lines of color within the wet area, just
like you would with a dry wash. The paint will
blend together into one luminous wash of color.

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•Three (3) most commonly used methods are:
1.Dry-on-Wet
2.Dry-on-Dry
3.Wet-on-Wet
•Can be use with other techniques for a great success
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

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1.Dry-on-Wet / Wet-on-Dry
•Occurs when a wet technique (i.e. wash) abuts or
laps with a dry technique (streak of color) while
neither is yet fully dry
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

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2.Dry-on-Dry
•Refers to the application that is usually heavy in
pigment and lacking in water in a non-wash manner
•Lacks subtlety, depth, transparency, and finish of a
wash-based watercolor
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

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3.Wet-on-Wet
•Application of wet paint into wet paint
•A flat or slightly graded wash is run over the entire
are, and another tone or intensity of water /
pigment solution is dropped into the still wet wash
with top of a brush
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

35. Wet-In-Wet Watercolor Painting
Wet-in-wet painting 
is one
of the most basic
techniques — so basic you
might have already done it
before without realizing it!
Start by brushing water
(and only water) onto your
paper. Then dip your brush
in paint and spread it over
the water wash. The paint
will feather and diffuse like
magic.

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WATERCOLOR:
TertiaryTechniques

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1.SPLATTERING
•Used to describe textured surfaces or to tone an
entire area
•Done by drawing the handle of a brush over the
bristles of a toothbrush in watercolor allowing
them to splatter the pigment onto surface
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

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2.STIPPLING
•Achieved by applying more heavily pigmented
watercolor to the paper surface with a flat, stiff-
bristled brush
•Done by drawing the handle of a brush over the
Most suitable for the treatment of foliage or the
like
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

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3.BLOTTING
•After a wash run, it is possible to pick up areas of
pigment before they can set by carefully and
selectively blotting with a sponge, paper towel, or
dry brush
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

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4.FLICKING
•Similar to splattering technique but in a less
general, more directional and very irregular in
application
•Used in adding texture, especially to foreground
material
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

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5.MASKING
•Masking tape or liquid Frisket can be used in a
number of ways to prevent selected areas of the
paper surface from being painted
•Lines, splatters, or entire areas can be covered
prior to running of wash
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

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6.SCRAPING
•Using a blade, it is possible to actually remove
small areas of pigment when a watercolor is very
near completion
•Can be used for interesting textural effects
Watercolor: Additional Watercolor Techniques

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End of Lecture.
Thank you!
References:
•Stezhko, Maria. (21 May 2016). Do You Know the 4 Key Properties of Watercolor Paint?. Retrieved from
https://shop.mybluprint.com/art/article/watercolor-paints/.
•Marder, Lisa. (14 May 2017). The Unique Characteristics of Watercolor Paint. Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/characteristics-of-watercolor-paint-2579356.
•Schaller, Thomas W.. (1999). Architecture in Watercolor. West 19
th
Street, New York, USA. McGraw-Hill.

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