Lecture 4 - Evolution of Communication Strategies in Diplomacy & Statecraft_.pptx

evolutionary process linear and how it preceeded.

1. Evolution of Communication Strategies in Diplomacy & Statecraft

2. Joint Project Position Statements

3. 2 ) Country’s Position on the Topic 1) Country’s Relation & Relevance to the Topic

4. Sample Position Statement: I the President of China am concerned about the domestic situation in Pakistan. We hope to see CPEC come to full fruition

5. You have creative licenses. USE IT!!

6. Do Not Do Contradict core national interest

7. Communicative and Strategic Turn We know that in the recent past, a communicative turn has been supplemented with a strategic turn in connection with the development of strategic communication as an organizational discipline and practice, Background for this strategic turn is outlined in the form of a series of theoretical and philosophical points in the history of Western communications theory

8. Communicative and Strategic Turn Athenian or Greek understanding of communication - Plato & Aristotle Roman understanding of communication - Cicero & Quintilian Communication associated with St Augustine in the Middle Ages The Renaissance The Seventeenth century The Age of Enlightenment, The Nineteenth century The Communicative turn The Strategic Turn

9. Cont. Over the periods before, the variance in views and perceptions regarding communication has been along the lines of: Comm as a question of how Through the communicative process As an opportunity for people to contribute to opinion formation & decision making Or Comm is primarily a means to fulfil certain goals and achieve control

10. Cont. In some eras, communication theory and its development has been preoccupied with effectiveness With the associated instrumental and ends/means-oriented orientation Heavy focus on how communication can be used to exercise control to the neglect of the participative aspect

11. Birth Comm Theory

12. Plato In various of his dialogues, discussed aspects which would be called the strategic aspects of speech. Apology | Gorgias ‘Rhetoric’ is presented as a way to manipulate and as a technique to make a false thing appear as true Pure demagoguery - not connected to truth

13. ارسطو Deviates from how Plato conceptualised Rhetoric → Rhetoric and science are no longer in opposition. Presents Rhetoric as the teachings of the various possible means of persuasion The means of persuasion become the objects of rhetoric and persuasion itself is viewed as a part of the scientific practice.

14. ارسطو Distinguished between ethos, pathos and logos. Ethos: speaker’s credibility or character Pathos: the human emotions that are aroused in the audience and with which the speaker must be familiar with in order to provoke them intentionally Logos: internal cohesion of speech which is directed at reason Includes all forms of linguistic address: including both informative and referential language use, as well as others and even effects of a non-linguistic kind. Thus, ethos, pathos and logos are also considered as different means of persuasion.

15. Roman Understanding of Comm VS

16. Cicero Regretted that speech had been cut off from from knowledge The skill of communication as separate from the knowledge of things Technical skills can enable you to become an “accomplished speaker” but to be in “possession of eloquence” requires that one possesses a comprehensive knowledge; that one is cultured.

17. Too true, eh? Relatable?

18. Quintilian Defines it as speaking well C ommunication contains a duality and should be understood as both achieving what one wants by using speech in an effective way, and at the same time showing the way toward the good in an ethical sense. The only difference between Man and “all other living creatures that are subject to death,” is that God gave Man “the gift of speech.” This ability, or gift, is one that we should appreciate. The fact that oratory can be used, not only for good things, but also for bad, should not cause us to reject rhetoric.

19. Middle Ages: Augustine St. Augustine turned classical rhetoric into a Christian art of speaking and preaching. Attempted to show that the rules of eloquence appear in the Bible and that the Bible also follows these rules. Explained rhetoric was important for advocates of Christian doctrine. Rhetoric could be used to promote both truth and falsehood By the truth, Augustine—unlike Plato—meant a religious truth. Rhetoric was thus a means—or a weapon—to be used in the fight against heresy and evil and in the struggle to spread Christianity. Relatable?

20. Recent Communication Theory Persuasion considered no longer a one way process where a listener or recipient who passively waits to be persuaded or convinced People must have a basic level of faith and trust in each other to be able to talk together—otherwise communication is meaningless. For persuasion, there must be Pistis Pistis is the necessary biological, psychological, social and linguistic prerequisite for all rhetorical situations, from informal conversations to negotiations to teaching. You persuade by talking the audience’s language by speech, gesture, tonality, order, image, attitude, idea, identifying your ways with their

21. Strategic Communication: Use in the World Wars: US WWI - Pres Wilson establishes the Committee on Public Information US’ first major effort to disseminate information broadly Counter German Propaganda As the war went on, its agenda expanded and the Committee itself started being seen as Propaganda

22. Strategic Communication: Use in the World Wars: US Office of War and Information (OWI) in 1942 Used photos to provide domestic and foreign audiences with war news, and information about U.S. policies and war-time activities OWI products included posters, press releases, radio programs, and ultimately movies through their Bureau of Motion Pictures Most enduring acts of the OWI was the establishment in 1942 of the Voice of America (VoA). VoA continues to provide news and other content around the world to this day.

23. As We Know it Today Internet multiplied the speed of communication which is directly proportional to the speed of diplomatic affairs. The first half of the 20th century revolutionized the conduct of diplomacy Second half of 20th century multiplied its speed and now the first two decades of the 21st century have brought the element of ubiquity in communication.

24. China’s Public Diplomacy Through Communication To improve its national image, Chinese leadership relies on soft power as an instrument to realize the normative expression of the norms and values China presents to the foreign audience President Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized that soft power clearly narrates China’s message and communicates China’s dream to the outside world

25. China’s Public Diplomacy Through Communication Ministry of Foreign Affairs established the Department of Public Diplomacy under Information Department in 2004. 2009, it was elevated to Public Diplomacy Office to manage all functions under the purview of public diplomacy. Keeping in view that soft power should not merely stem from state apparatus, in 2012, China established Public Diplomacy Association in Beijing to include citizens, retired officials, NGOs, and academics to informally communicate China’s message to the outside world.

26. China’s Public Diplomacy Through Communication 2019 report by Reporters without Borders (RSF): China is expanding in the global media mix through investment in international broadcasting, advertisement, foreign media, and social media. An estimated US $ 1.3 billion are invested annually by the Chinese government to increase Chinese media presence globally.