Lecture No. One -chapter 1 Introduction.pdf

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1. Lecture No.One
IOT Philosophy –Definition-
Characteristics & Architecture
Prepared by
Prof. Dr. Abdulkareem Merhej Radhi
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2. Lecture Outline
-Course Syllabus
-IOT Definition
-IOT Characteristics
-General Block Diagram of IOT
-Sensors
-Major Components of IOT
-IOT Architecture
-Sensors & Actuators
-Communications
-Security and Privacy
-IOT Challenges
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3. Course Syllabus
Week01:IntroductiontoIoT,Definition&CharacteristicsofIoT,
PhysicalDesignofIoT,IoTProtocols.
Week02:Sensing,BasicsofNetworking,CommunicationProtocols.
Week03:SensorNetworks.
Week04:Machine-to-MachineCommunications.
Week05:IntroductiontoArduinoProgramming,Integrationof
SensorsandActuatorswithArduino.
Week06:IntroductiontoPythonprogramming,Introductionto
Raspberry.
Week07:ImplementationofIoTwithRaspberry.
Week08:DataHandlingandAnalytics,CloudComputing.
Week09:Sensor-Cloud.
Week10:FogComputing,SmartCitiesandSmartHomes.
Week11:ConnectedVehicles,SmartGrid,IndustrialIoT.
Week12:IndustrialIoT,CaseStudy:Agriculture,Healthcare,
ActivityMonitoring.
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4. WhatisIOTDefinition)
A.Interconnection: IoT refers to the interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded
computing-like devices within the existingInternetinfrastructure.
B.Things:Things,intheIoT,canrefertoawidevarietyofdevicessuchasheartmonitoring
implants,bio-chiptranspondersonfarmanimals,automobileswithbuilt-insensors,orfield
operationdevicesthatassistfire-fightersinsearchandrescue.Currentmarketexamples
includesmartthermostatsystemsandwasher/dryersthatutilizeWi-Fiforremotemonitoring.
C.Network:IOTreferstoatypeofnetworktoconnectanythingwiththeInternetbasedon
specifiedprotocolsthroughinformationsensingequipment'stoconductinformationexchange
andcommunicationsinordertoachievesmartrecognitions,positioning,tracing,monitoring,and
administration.
D.WhatInformationcanbeSend:Asensorisadevicethatdetectsthechangeinthe
environmentandrespondstosomeoutputontheothersystem.Asensorconvertsaphysical
phenomenonintoameasurableanalogvoltage(orsometimesadigitalsignal)convertedintoa
human-readabledisplayortransmittedforreadingorfurtherprocessing.Sensorscouldbe
temperaturesensors,motionsensors,humiditysensors,airqualitysensors,lightsensors…etc.
Thesesensors,alongwithaconnection,allowustoautomaticallycollectinformationfromthe
environmentwhich,inturn,allowsustomakemoreintelligentdecisions.
E.Example:Onafarm,automaticallygettinginformationabouttheearthhumiditycantellfarmers
exactlywhentheirharvestsneedtobewatered.

5. WhatisIOTDefinition)
Adynamicglobalnetworkinfrastructurewithself-
configuringcapabilitiesbasedonstandardand
interoperablecommunicationprotocolswherephysical
andvirtual"things"haveidentities,physicalattributes,
andvirtualpersonalitiesanduseintelligentinterfaces,
andareseamlesslyintegratedintotheinformation
network,oftencommunicatedataassociatedwithusers
andtheirenvironments.

6. How an IoT System Actually Works
Sensors/Devices
First,sensorsordevicescollectdatafromtheirenvironment.Thisdatacouldbeassimpleasa
temperaturereadingorascomplexasafullvideofeed.
Weuse“sensors/devices,”becausemultiplesensorscanbebundledtogetherorsensorscanbepartofa
devicethatdoesmorethanjustsensethings.
Connectivity
Next,thatdataissenttothecloud,butitneedsawaytogetthere!
Thesensors/devicescanbeconnectedtothecloudthroughavarietyofmethodsincluding:cellular,
satellite,Wi-Fi,Bluetooth,low-powerwide-areanetworks(LPWAN),connectingviaagateway/router
orconnectingdirectlytotheinternetviaEthernet.
Eachoptionhastradeoffsbetweenpowerfeeding,range,andbandwidth.Choosingwhichconnectivity
optionisbestcomesdowntothespecificIoTapplication,buttheyallaccomplishthesametask:getting
datatothecloud.
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7. General Block Diagram of IOT
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9. IOT CHARACTERISTICS
The fundamental characteristics of the IoT are as follows :
1.Interconnectivity:WithregardtotheIoT,anythingcanbeinterconnectedwiththeglobal
informationandcommunicationinfrastructure.
2.Things-relatedservices:TheIoTiscapableofprovidingthing-relatedserviceswithinthe
constraintsofthings,suchasprivacyprotectionandsemanticconsistencybetweenphysical
thingsandtheirassociatedvirtualthings.
3.Heterogeneity:ThedevicesintheIoTareheterogeneousasbasedondifferenthardware
platformsandnetworks.Theycaninteractwithotherdevicesorserviceplatformsthrough
differentnetworks.
4.Dynamicchanges:Thestateofdeviceschangedynamically,e.g.,sleepingandwakingup,
connectedand/ordisconnectedaswellasthecontextofdevicesincludinglocationandspeed.
Moreover,thenumberofdevicescanchangedynamically.
5.Enormousscale:Thenumberofdevicesthatneedtobemanagedandthatcommunicatewith
eachotherwillbeatleastanorderofmagnitudelargerthanthedevicesconnectedtothe
currentInternet.
6.Safety:AswegainbenefitsfromtheIoT,wemustnot
7.Connectivity:Connectivityenablesnetworkaccessibilityandcompatibility.
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10. What are the major components of IoT?
1.Sensors/Actuators
2.Communication between servers or server platforms
3.Server/Middleware Platforms
4.Data Analytics Engines
5.Apps (iOS, Android, Web)
Communication Technologies for IoT
1.Bluetooth2.Zigbee3.Z-Wave4.NFC(Near-FieldCommunication)5.RFID6.WiFi
7.2G/3G/LTE8.Wibro/MobileWiMax9.PLC(PowerLineCommunication)
10.Ethernet

11. IOT ARCHITECTURE
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IOTarchitectureconsistsofdifferentlayersoftechnologiessupportingIOT.Itservesto
illustratehowvarioustechnologiesrelatetoeachotherandtocommunicatethescalability,
modularityandconfigurationofIOTdeploymentsindifferentscenarios.

12. A. smart device / sensor layer:
Thelowestlayerismadeupofsmartobjectsintegratedwithsensors.Thesensorsenablethe
interconnectionofthephysicalanddigitalworldsallowingreal-timeinformationtobecollectedand
processed.Therearevarioustypesofsensorsfordifferentpurposes.
Datamanagement
DMistheabilitytomanagedatainformationflow.Withdatamanagementinthemanagement
servicelayer,informationcanbeaccessed,integratedandcontrolled.Higherlayerapplicationscan
beprotectedfromtheneedtoprocessunnecessarydataandreducetheriskofprivacydisclosureof
thedatasource.
Application Layer
TheIoTapplicationcovers“smart”environments/spacesindomainssuchas:Transportation,
Building,City,Lifestyle,Retail,Agriculture,Factory,Supplychain,Emergency,Healthcare,User
interaction,Cultureandtourism,EnvironmentandEnergy.
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13. Sensor devices are becoming widely available
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-Programmable devices
-Off-the-shelf gadgets/tools

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How are the networks changing?
•Extensions
•More nodes, more connections
•Any TIME, Any PLACE+Any THING
•M2M, IoT
•Billions of interconnected devices,
•Everybody is connected.
•Expansions
•Broadband
•LTE, 5G
•Enhancements
•Smart networks
•Data-centric and content-oriented networking
•Context-aware (autonomous) systems

15. Sensors & Actuators
•Sensors:
•They are mainly input components
•They sense and collect surrounding information
•Basically three types:
•Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
•Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
•Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)
•Actuators:
•They are mainly output components
•They alter the surrounding. Some examples:
•Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
•Controlling motors to move objects
•Displaying messages
•and others…
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16. Things
•We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.
•A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system currently.
•A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
•Sensors & actuators
•Microcontroller
•Communication unit
•Power supply
•A “thing” has the following properties:
•It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited source of energy.
•It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their computing capability.
•It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
•Power consumption is the main design issue.
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17. Communications
•A “thing” always feature communications for “team working”
•The Role of Communications
•Providing a data link between two nodes
•Communication type:
•Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
•Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most popular choice
(and also our focus)
•Popular RF-based communication solutions:
•IEEE 802.15.4 used in XM1000
•IEEE 802.11 (or Wifi)
•Bluetooth
•Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID
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18. Security & Privacy
•Are they important?
•What is the risk?
•What are the challenges?
•Device level
•Network level
•System level
•User level
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19. IoT Data-Challenges
•Multi-modal and heterogeneous
•Noisy and incomplete
•Time and location dependent
•Dynamic and varies in quality
•Crowed sourced data can be unreliable
•Requires (near-) real-time analysis
•Privacy and security are important issues
•Data can be biased-we need to know our data!
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