Lecture TWO.pptx about IT and it's discipline

IT and it's related disciplines

1. IT AND ITS RELATED DISCIPLINES Information systems Computer Science Computer Engineering Software Engineering

2. Information Systems Definition: The study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data. Key areas: System Analysis and Design: is the process of examining a business situation with the intent of improving it through better procedures and methods. It involves understanding the current system, identifying its limitations, and designing an improved system. Database management: involves the use of software to store, retrieve, manage, and manipulate data in databases. It focuses on organizing data efficiently and ensuring its accessibility, integrity, and security.

3. Continue……. Information Security: also known as InfoSec, involves protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. Security Measures: Access Controls: Mechanisms that restrict access to resources, such as passwords, biometrics, and multi-factor authentication. Encryption: Encoding data to protect it from unauthorized access. Firewalls: Systems designed to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network

4. COMPUTER SCIENCE Definition: The study of computers and computational systems including their theoretical foundations, hardware, and software. Key Areas: Algorithms and Data Structures Artificial Intelligence Human-Computer Interaction Career Opportunities: Software Developer Data Scientist Research Scientist

5. Computer Engineering Definition: The branch of engineering that integrates electronic engineering with computer sciences to design and develop computer systems and other technological devices. Key Areas: Embedded Systems Networking Robotics Career Opportunities: Hardware Engineer Network Engineer Embedded Systems Developer

6. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Definition: The application of engineering principles to software development in a methodical way. Key Areas: Software Design and Architecture Testing and Quality Assurance Agile Development Career Opportunities: Software Engineer QA Engineer DevOps Engineer

7. COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER Basic components of a computer are; Hardware and software Hardware devices include; Input devices Output devices Cpu Storage devices and memory

8. Hardware and Software Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that you can touch and feel. This includes all the computer's internal components (like the CPU and motherboard) and external devices (like the monitor and keyboard). Software is a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the hardware how to operate. It is what runs on the hardware and includes operating systems (like Windows or macOS), applications (like Microsoft Word or Photoshop), and utilities.

9. Hardware Devices Input Devices: These are used to enter data into a computer. Common input devices include: Keyboard: Allows users to input text and commands. Mouse: A pointing device that lets users interact with the graphical interface on the screen.

10. Continue……. Scanner: Converts documents and images into digital formats. Microphone: Captures audio input for processing or communication.

11. Output Devices: These are used to send data out of a computer to be displayed, printed, or transmitted. Examples include: Monitor: Displays visual output from the computer. Printer: Produces a hard copy of digital documents.

12. Continue…… Speakers: Output sound from the computer.

13. CPU (Central Processing Unit): Often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, the CPU handles instructions and processes data. It performs the primary computations and controls tasks done by the computer. The performance of a CPU affects the overall speed and capability of a computer system.

14. Storage Devices: These are used to save data and programs. Two main types are: Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Use spinning disks to read/write data and are known for offering large storage capacities. Solid State Drives (SSDs): Faster than HDDs, SSDs use flash memory to store data, which allows for quicker data access and retrieval. USB Flash Drives: Portable storage devices known for ease of use and mobility.

15. Memory: In computing, memory refers to the devices used to store data temporarily during operation. This is what allows a computer to access running programs and currently processed data quickly. Types include: RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage that provides space for the computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU quickly. RAM is volatile, which means it loses its data when power is turned off. ROM (Read-Only Memory): Permanent storage used to hold firmware, the software that boots up the system. Unlike RAM, ROM does not lose its data when the computer is turned off.

16. FUNCTIONS OF COMPUTERS Accepts data - in put Stores - Storage Processes Data - Processing Produces output - Output

17. COMPUTER CLASSIFICATIONS The computer systems can be classified on the following basis:  1. Classification by size.   2. Classification by process/According to data handling .  3. Classification by Purpose .   

18. Classification by size Supercomputer. The super computers are the most high performing system. A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance compared to a general-purpose computer. used for intensive computation tasks in various fields, including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling, and physical simulations. Mainframe computer . they are usually used by big organizations for bulk data processing such as statistics, census data processing, transaction processing and are widely used as the servers as these systems has a higher processing capability. IBM’s series

19. Minicomputer Are computers that were sold at a much cheaper price than the main frames, they were actually designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with evolution.  Microcomputer A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its CPU. e.g smart watches

20. Classification by process /handling data Digital computers. Analogue computers Hybrid computers. Digital Computers This is the most commonly used type of computers. Digital computers process data that is discrete in nature Examples: ¨A Television with a button which is pressed to increase or decrease the volume. ¨Digital watches. ¨Calculators.

21. Analog computers. An Analog computer is a computer that operates on continuous data. They carry out their data processing by measuring the amount of change that occurs in physical attributes/quantities, such as changes in electrical voltage, speed, currents, pressure, length, temperature, humidity, etc. Examples of analogue devices: Thermometer. It uses a volume of Mercury to show temperature.  The Thermometer is calibrated to give an exact temperature reading. A Petrol pump measures the rate of flow of Gasoline (petrol) & converts the volume delivered to 2 readings; one showing the volume & the other showing the cost. A Post-office scale converts the weight of a parcel delivered into a charge for posting. A Monitor with knobs that are rotated to increase brightness. A Television with knobs that are rotated to increase or decrease the volume.

22. Hybrid computers. Hybrid computers are designed to process both analogue & digital data.  They combine both the functional capabilities of the digital and analogue computers.  Example; In a hospital Intensive Care Unit , an analogue device may be used to measure the functioning of a patient’s heart, temperature and other vital signs.  These measurements may then be converted into numbers and send to a digital device, which may send an immediate signal to the nurses’ station if any abnormal readings are detected.

23. Classification According To Purpose .  Classification by Purpose .  Computers can be classified according to the tasks they perform as general or special purpose computers. General purpose computers They are the most common types of computers in use today. Their flexibility enables them to be applied in a wide range of applications like; Document processing, Performing calculations, Accounting, Data and information management Examples of general-purpose computers : Mainframes, Minicomputers, Microcomputers & Laptops used in most offices & schools.

24. Special-purpose computer. A special-purpose computer is designed to handle/accomplish a particular specific task only. Such computers cannot perform any other task except the one they were meant to do.  Therefore, the programs which are used in a special-purpose computer are fixed (hard-wired) at the time of manufacture. Examples of special-purpose computers: Robots used in a manufacturing industry for production only. Mobile phones used for communication only. Calculators that carry out calculations only. Computers used in Digital watches. Computers used in Petrol pumps

25. INTERNET the internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. with the internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more.

26. THE WEB The World Wide Web —usually called the Web is a collection of different websites you can access through the Internet. A website is made up of related text, images, and other resources. Websites can resemble other forms of media—like newspaper articles or television programs—or they can be interactive in a way that's unique to computers. The purpose of a website can be almost anything: a news platform, an advertisement, an online library, a forum for sharing images, or an educational site like us!

27. Once you are connected to the Internet, you can access and view websites using a type of application called a web browser . Just keep in mind that the web browser itself is not the Internet; it only displays websites that are stored on the Internet .

28. A search engine is a software system that finds web pages that match a web search . A server is a computer program or device that provides a service to another computer program and its user, also known as the client. Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of transmitting and receiving messages using electronic devices .