LESSON-1 PRACTICAL RESEARCH I: SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE: INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE: INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

1. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

2. Sources of Knowledge: Inquiry and Research Lesson 01

3. Acquaint yourself to the world of research; Enumerate the different sources of knowledge and; Highlight the meaning of inquiry in relation to research. At the end of the lesson the students are able to:

4. What is INQUIRY? is a learning process that motivates you to obtain knowledge or information about people, things, places or events. It requires you to collect data, meaning, facts, and information about the object of your inquiry, and examine such data. a term that is synonymous with the word ‘ investigation, ’ is the answer to this question. When you inquire or investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something. Thinking in this manner makes you ask open - ended questions to elicit views, opinions, and beliefs of others in relation to your research. (Small 2012)

5. What is RESEARCH? Is more complex than inquiry. Is a systematic and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis, carried out for the discovery and development of an organized body of knowledge. Does not center mainly on raising questions about the topic, but also on carrying out a particular order of research stages. Research is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking. Starting from particular to more complex ideas, you execute varied thinking acts that range from lower – order to high – order thinking strategies reflected by these research activities: identifying the topic or problem, gathering data, making theories, formulating hypotheses, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

6. Characteristics of a good research: (COSTAR) CLEAR- expressing discoveries using simple, direct, concise and correct language OBJECTIVE - it deals with facts, not with opinions arising from assumptions, generalizations. SYSTEMATIC- it takes place in an orderly manner. TIMELY- it has a fresh topic, new and interesting to the present society. ACCURATE- it gives correct data which footnotes and bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledged. RELEVANT- it is instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of community people.

7. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH To learn how to work independently. To learn how to work scientifically and systematically. To have an in-depth knowledge of something. To improve your reading and writing skills. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher- order thinking strategies.

8. PURPOSES OF RESEARCH To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of gathering data and of presenting research findings. To free yourself, to a certain extent from the domination or strong influence of a single textbook or the professor’s lone viewpoint/ spoon feeding. To improve ways on how we do things.

9. Sources of Knowledge Epistemology as defined by Martinich (n.d.) is a philosophical study of the nature, origin, and the limits of the human knowledge. It is also known as Theory of Knowledge .

10. 5 ways on how people can know something.

11. Personal Experience This is simply defined as relying on your knowledge of prior experiences. As mentioned in Research Made Easy by Dela Cruz and Tan (2020),German philosopher Immanuel Kant created two terminologies that were used to describe how individuals’ mind worked to process knowledge; Priori also known as Constructivism Posteriori also known as Positivism/ Empiricism.

12. What is POSITIVISM? Can be understood as a philosophical stance that emphasizes that knowledge should be gained through observable and measurable facts. Also referred to as empiricism . Can be viewed as an epistemological stance in which sensory information counts as true knowledge. Positivists do not rely on subjective experiences.

13. What is CONSTRUCTIVISM? Or social constructivism state that reality is socially constructed . Constructivism points out there is no single reality. According to constructivists, the reality is subjective creation.

14. The problem with personal experience is that: How one is affected by an event depends on who one is and: One frequently needs to know something that cannot be learned through experience.

15. Tradition This focuses on the practices and beliefs of the people or doing things as they have always been done. Setbacks of tradition: Traditions are often based on an idealized past and; Traditions can be distant from current realities and the complexities associated with them.

16. Experts or Authorities Sometimes you go to them when you need answers. Setbacks of experts or authorities : They can be wrong and; They can disagree among themselves, as in a second opinion.

17. Logical Reasoning Reason is the primary source of knowledge according to philosophical idea of Rationalism . This pertains how people form a conclusion or judgement based on the given evidences. Limitations of logical reasoning: It tends to constrict the nature of learning and; Not all laws and logic are always infallible.

18. Scientific Method The most reliable method of gaining knowledge as it follows a procedure in order to get your needed answer. The goal of scientific method is to explain, predict, and/or control phenomena.

19. 5 steps of s cientific method

20. Discrepancies of scientific method: It may raise ethical issues; There might be internal conflicts that can affect the method and; It may ignore individual differences.

21. Thank you!