Library building, furniture, Equipment and its standards

Standards play a vital role in determining quality, quantity, uniformity and exchange role of product and services in every walks of human kind. Libraries also abide to the law of standardization so as to quality service (Product & Serivces) ensured to satisfy the readers need. It starts from Physical Infrastructure to Digital Library Services, Men to Machine, Card Catalogue to Online catalogue......

1. LIBRARY BUILDING, FURNITURE, EQUIPMENT and Its Standards Moirangthem Romio Singh M.Lib.I.Sc , UNOM (2017-19) Enroll No: 36517007 Supervisor: Mr. A. Perumal Assstant Professor, DLIS, University of Madras

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3. Introduction Library plays a vital role in academic and research system and that is why library is considered to be the ‘heart’ of educational / research system. Without a good library and a laboratory, any university cannot ensure quality education or research. Beside 3 important component of library System a functional library Building is very important In a functional library Building, a proper allocation of space for the books and other reading material, staff and reader should be made. A library building should be simple, flexible and functional. Considering the importance of library in higher education and research, the Bureau of Indian Standards came out with Indian Standard: 1553-1960 Code of practice relating to primary elements in the design of library building based on the recommendations of a Committee chaired by Dr. S.R.Ranganathan . 3

4. STANDARDS IN LIBRARY 4 It define standards, as officially adopted quantitative and qualitative norms which have been variously interpreted as the pattern of an ideal, a model procedure, a measure for appraisal, a stimulus for future development and improvement, and as an instrument to assist decision and action. In the context of libraries, the Standards are based on criteria, which can be instrumental in the measurements or assessment of the library services Library Standards are not only helpful in the library work but they also serve administrators and heads of the institutions in planning and administering the libraries. The Standards serve the dual function of the evaluation of the on-going services as well as of Planning better and improved services for the future. The Standards serve as indispensable aid to library authorities and Librarians in developing adequate bookstocks , in functional and adequate building made, and in securing properly qualified personnel . Since 1960 the following more Standards have been developed by the Indian Standards Institution, that are as follows: -

5. STANDARDS IN LIBRARY 5 1. IS: 2672-1966 Code of Practice for Library Lighting. 2. IS: 1829 (Part I)-1977 Specifications for Library Furniture and Fittings, Part I, Timber (First 3. IS: 1829 (Part II)-1993 Specifications for Library Furniture and Fittings, Part II, Steel 4. IS: 1233-1958 Recommendations for Modular Coordination of Dimensions in the Building Industry. 5. IS: 1172-1957 Code of Basic Requirements for water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation. 6. IS: 1883-1975 Metal Shelving Racks (Adjustable Type) (Second Revision) 7. IS: 8338-1976 Recommendations relating to Primary Elements in the Design of School Library Buildings. 8. IS: 3312 Steel Shelving cabinets (Adjustable Type) (First Revision) 9. IS: 4116-1976 Wooden shelving cabinets (Adjustable type) (First Revision). 10. IS: 1553-1989 Arrangement of gangway second revision reprint Dec. 1992. 11. IS: 766- 2 (Part-I) Orientation of Libraries 1974 IInd Revision. Second reprint December, 1992. 12. IS: 1642-1988 Type -I Construction fire resistance IInd Revision Second reprint Dec. 1992. 13. IS: 11460 - 1985 Details of fire protection and safety IInd Revision second reprint Dec. 1992. 14. IS: 2672 - 1966 Levels of illumination second Revision IInd reprint Dec. 1992. 15. IS: 7942-1976 For day lighting reference second revision IInd Reprint Dec. 1992. 16. IS: 7942 - 1976 Method for achieving noise reduction and sound insulation second revision 17. IS: 2661-1978 Specification for mobile library Van. (First revision)

6. Library Building, Planning & Design 6 Dr. S.R.Ranganathan committee recommended the norms and guidelines for preparing a brief for library Size of the library Location of library Rooms to be provided Circulation Orientation of the stack room Relative position of rooms Size of the rooms, gangways. Windows Canteen Air conditioning Design of open access Phase construction Committee of library experts.

7. Library Building, Planning & Design 7 1. future growth:- should be plan for 25 yr. and building should be extendable in future Growth with minimum of disruption. Should be adequate provision for future extension both horizontal and vertical. 2. Functional design : a library should have functional design rather than a monumental one. There should be provision for documents, users, staff, and service areas. 3. Open access : it should be suitable for open access system. 4. Flexible : there should be the means of interchange ability of all major stack areas, service areas, reading room, and staff. 5. Accessibility : the library should be accessible from entrance to all parts of the library building. 6. Orientation : it is another important point for consideration. There should be arrangements for natural light and light is comparatively steady throughout the year and does not expose the readers to sun ray. 7. Quiet surrounding : a library should be in quite surrounding. 8. Air conditioning, lighting and Noise : uniform standard of lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, noise prevention, communications, fumigation and flooring are necessary to meet the criteria of interchange ability. 9. Economic : the library can be carried out with the minimum of staff and finance. 10. Care : the building should be free from dust, dirt and cobwebs.

8. Space required for stock room 8 UGC committee recommended ;- 1. Clear length ; 1.80 n plus 3.15 metre . Centre to centre distance rack 1.80 m & distance from end wall of the stack room to centre nearest row of rack is 1.57m 2 Clear wide ; 3m ( 1 book rack 2m long plus one side gang way of 1m) or 5m (on 2 the basis of 2 book rack each 2m long plus one side gang way of 1m width) or 8m (on 2 the basis of 3 book rack each 2m long plus o2 side gang way of 1m width) Space estimate as per BIS stack room Each unit book rack meter long may be assumed to house 700 t0 750 volumes One sq. m stack area may be assumed to house 150 volumes Size of reading room Length ; 5m Width ; 1.3m

9. Library furniture & Fitting 9 I A. Book rack 180 cm wide , 195/225cm high and 25 / 50cm deep. Shelves in rack usually 5 to 6 depending on the hight of the rack. B. Periodical Display Rack ; two single sided racks back to back . i . Step or Gallery type ; 5cm deep, 15 cm H, 90cm L. 4to 5 steps and on each step 4 t0 5 journal can be display and single sided rack 20 to 25 journal display. ii. Pigeon Hole type ; ha two parts one being cupboard in the bottom & other pigeon holes at the top Usual H and W are 7.5 feet and 6 feet C. Catalogue Cabinet ;- 5 * 3 ( this unit are available in a wide range of sizes starting from 4 drawer to 6 drawer ) Each tray can hold about 1000, thick card. D. Charging desk / Issue counter ; the height of the counter should be 4 to 6 foot & should have sufficient drawer space to accommodate all the issue doc. Records. The common typr for issue counter is circular, L – shape, Rectangular and U – shape. E. Computer table ; tables with drawers are required for the OPAC terminal, digital library section & such other. F.Chairs ; required for OPAC terminals, digital library section, technical staff and readers. G. Book end / Support ; at least two book supports are required for one plank so that the book are made to stand erect. H. Photocopies ; the libraries for various activities there will always be the need of multiples copies of the single document. l. Typewriters/ Computer ; Typewriters are gradually replaced by computer I most libraries. In automated library bar code printer, bar code reader and such other should also be procured. J. Miscellaneous Items ; it will include stool / step ladder for reaching the roof, vacuum cleaners, air conditioner, binding equipment, projector etc.

10. Building, Furniture’s and Fittings Planning 10 Planning for optimum utilization of space is an important task. This implies the development of a functionally effective layout of the Information Centre. Indian Standards Institute which is now known as Bureau of Indian Standards , appointed Dr. S. R. Ranganathan as the Chairman of its first Documentation Sectional Committee, which fixed (accorded) priority to the areas of  library buildings, furniture’s and fittings . The Committee finalized its draft for Standards regarding Buildings, Furniture’s and Fittings, and as a result  IS: 1553 – 1960  Code of practice relating to Primary elements in the design of library building came into existence that gives information on the following things: - 1.The average size of different types of libraries in terms of the number of books bound volumes of periodicals, number of current periodicals for display, the number of seats for readers, and strength staff; 2.The different kinds of rooms required for different libraries; and 3.The basis and method of estimating the dimension of each kind of room, etc

11. Building, Furniture’s and Fittings Planning 11 SN SPACE FOR BASIS AREA in Sq. M 1. Stack Room for 10,000 volumes 100 Volumes Per Sq. Meter 100 2. Reading Room for 50 readers 3.3 Sq. Meters Per Reader 165 3. Head and two Senior Professionals 15 Sq. Meters Per Person 45 4. Other Professional Staff (27) 9 Sq. Meters Per Person 243 5. Office : # Administrative officer #Other Staff (22) 15 Sq. Meters Per Person 9 Sq. Meters Per Person 15 198 6. Library Counter 30 7. At Service Point (15) 5 Sq. Meters Per Person 75 8. Seminar Room 20 9. Committee Room 20 10. Visitors Room 15 Total : 926 11. Additional Space for Passage, etc. (Approximately 40% of Space estimated) 370 Total Space Required : 1296

12. Building, Furniture’s and Fittings Planning 12 The space required for the Reprography/ Printing Section has not been included as it should be done on the basis of the equipment used. However, a minimum of 200 Sq. Meters would be required. In the planning of library buildings, Ranganathan’s five Laws of library science with their possible implications may be used as basic principles. On the other hand Kaula has summarized the principles enunciated by different specialists as follows:- Building should be designed on the functional basis; Physical design should be governed by the functions of the library; Interior details should be planned anterior to the exterior; Building should provide economy in administration and Operation; Main study areas should be close to the book shelves and stacks; Building should represent simplicity in character; Consideration should be given for expansion and anticipated development in the future; Physical conveniences should be in proportion to the number and nature of Clientele and library staff; Details of the library should be worked out, based on the existing data and the proportional future growth; and Plan of the building should be adaptable to the future growth and development.

13. Planning of the space and building 13 After the planning of the space and building, Another Important thing in the library, that is Furniture and equipment planning, because it has been said that a library building is incomplete without the proper furniture, fitting and furnishings. selection of furniture is directly related to its intended function and location within the library or Information Centre, it should be made by the appropriate person According to Thompson, the librarian should choose the shelving, catalogues and technical equipment and the architect should choose chairs and tables because these are the wares with which he is concerned throughout his professional life. The standard developed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the United States Federal Supply Service, and the International Standard Organization. ( ISO : 5970 : 1979. F urniture, chairs and tables for educational institutions including libraries) can be helpfully utilized. The estimate of furniture and equipment mentioned in transparency is based on the document collection, number of readers, and number of professional/ non- professional. In the estimation, the recommendations contained in the following Indian Standards have been considered. IS : 1829 (Part – 1) – 1961 .  Specifications for library furniture’s and fittings. Part-1 : Timber; and IS : 1553 – 1960.  Code of practice relating to primary elements in the design of library buildings.  

14. Manpower Planning and Standards 14 Manpower   Planning at the organizational level has been defined as "strategy for acquisition, utilisation, improvement and of an enterprise’s human resources". Basically Manpower Planning includes determining the staff required, selection and recruitment, appropriate placement, promotion, provision of opportunities for maximum individual contribution under desirable working relationships and conditions, provision for professional personnel development as well as improvement of working conditions to obtain maximum productivity and efficiency under specifically emphasized consideration for individual and human elements. In other words, the objective should be to estimate, retain, utilize and develop an adequate staff by which to carry on efficiently the operations of the library; and to help to fulfill the aspirations and capabilities of the individuals who compose the staff. After the staff formula suggested by Dr. Ranganathan to UGC, the Staff Inspection Unit (SIU) of Ministry of Finance (Department of Expenditure) evolved standards in 1966 for application in government libraries, which was strongly criticised by the Associations like IASLIC, etc. now we can see the Ranganathan’s staff formula or the manpower norm, from this transparency:-  

15. Manpower Planning and Standards 15 . Section with function Annual Quantum per person Book/ Document Section -Selection, Ordering, &accessioning of purchased as well as books received on exchange or asgifts . 6000 documents annually added Periodical Publication Section - Ordering, receipt, preparation & display of current periodicals, their cumulation , and preparing for binding on the completion of volume. 500 periodical titles received Technical Processing Section - Classification, Catalogue, etc. 1500 to 2000 documents annually added Circulation Section - Charging and discharging of books/ documents all through each day. 1500 gate-hours, the Circulation Counter is kept open Reference Section - Helping the users in the choice of books and articles, answering reference queries. 50 queries/ readers in a day. =Maintenance of books/ periodicals in the correct sequence on selves, maintenance of gang-way guides, bay guides, shelf guides in the stack. = Daily replacement of books/ docs. Returned = Preparation of books for repair and binding. -One person for every 10,000 vols. In stack. -One person for every 6000 vols. Annually added. Information Services Section - Abstracting, State-of-the-art report, Critical data compilation, Critical review, etc. 1.5 Man Year on average for  each service  Supervisory Staff One for every 1500 hours the SL & IC is kept open.

16. NORMS AND STANDARDS FOR LIBRARY PRESCRIBED BY REGULATORY BODIES OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN INDIA 16 The IS 1553-1960 prescribed the average size of different types of libraries, the different kinds of rooms required, etc. regulatory bodies of professional education such as AICTE, MCI, INC and NCTE and found that none of the regulatory bodies of professional education in India has suggested the Indian Standards such as IS: 1892 (Part-I) – 1978 Specifications for Library Furniture and Fittings: Timber; IS: 1892 (Part-II) – 1977 Specifications for Library Furniture and Fittings: Steel; IS: 1172-1971 Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation; IS: 3312-1974 Steel Shelving Cabinets; IS: 4116-1976 Wooden Shelving Cabinets, etc. Further, ISO standard such as ISO/TR 11219:2012 which specifies data for the planning of library buildings has also not been recommended by the regulatory bodies of professional education in India.

17. Indian Standard 1553-1960 17 The IS 1553-1960 Code of Practice Relating to Primary Elements in the Design of Library Buildings prescribes the average size of different types of libraries, the different kinds of rooms required; the basis and method of estimating the dimension of each kind of room, etc S. No . Type of Library No. of volumes No. of periodicals for display No. of Reader’s seats 1 National Central Library 2,00,000 to 6,00,000 500 to 2,000 500 to 2,000 2 State Central Library 1,00,000 to 5,00,000 100 to 1,000 500 to 1,500 3 City Central Library 50,000 to 3,00,000 50 to 1,000 100 to 1,000 4 Rural Central Library 50,000 to 3,00,000 Nil 50 5 Branch Library 50,000 to 25,000 20 to 50 50 to 200 Size of collection and Reader’s Seats

18. Indian Standard 1553-1960 18 No. Room NCL SCL CCL RCL BL 1 Stack Room R R R R R 2 Catalogue Room R R R R R 3 General Reading Room R R R R R 4 Periodicals Reading Room R R R - - 5 Special Reading Room R R R - - 6 Research Cubicles R R R - - 7 Group Study Room R R R - - 8 Seminar Room R R R - - 9 Conference Room R R R - - 10 Exhibition Room R R R R - 11 Librarian’s Room R R R R R 12 Deputy Librarian’s Room R R R R - 13 Technical Staff Roo R R R R - Rooms required for different kind of library buildings (Public Library)

19. Indian Standard 1553-1960 19 No. Room NCL SCL CCL RCL BL 14 Administrative Staff Room R R R R - 15 Committee Room R R R R - 16 Display space at Entrance R R R R - 17 Night Watchman’s Room R R R R R 18 Microfilm Reading Room R R R - - 19 Document Reproduction Room R R - - - 20 Audio-visual Room R R R R - Rooms required for different kind of library buildings (Public Library)

20. All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) 20 Central Library with Reading Room for any college offering Engineering and Technology degree .( If the institute offers PG programme, the reading room seating requirement would be 25% of total students (maximum 100) S. No Type of Institute Area required for Library & Reading Room Reading Room (in Sq. m.) Seating 1. Engineering College offering Degree(If the intake is 400) 400 15%* of total students ( maximum150 ) 2 Engineering College offering Degree(If the intake is 420) 600 15% of total students ( maximum150 ) 3 Polytechnic College offering Diploma 300 15% of total students ( maximum 150 ) 4 Pharmacy College offering Degree /Diploma 150 15% of total students ( maximum 150 ) 5 Architecture / Town Planning Institute 150 15% of total students ( maximum 150 ) 6 Institutes offering Degree/Diploma programmes in Applied Arts & Crafts, Hotel Management & Catering Technology 150 15% of total students ( maximum150 ) 7 Institutes offering Programmes in Management and MCA 100 15% of total students ( maximum 150 )

21. Medical Council of India (MCI) 21 the library of a medical college as per Amendment Notification dated 8th July 2009 of Medical Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956). There shall be an air-conditioned Central Library (2,400 Sq.m ) with seating arrangement for at least 300 students for reading and having good lighting and ventilation and space for stacking and display of books and journals. There shall be minimum one room for 150 students inside and one room for 150 students outside. It should have not less than 11000 text and reference books. In a new medical college the total number of books should be proportionately divided on yearly basis in five years. The number of journals shall be 100 out of which one-third shall be foreign journals and subscribed on continuous basis. The number of copies of textbooks in each subject of undergraduate teaching shall be ten. There shall be provision for a) Staff reading room for 30 persons; b) Rooms for librarian and other staff; c) Room for daftaries and book binders; d) Microfilm reading room; e) Journal room; f) Room for copying facilities; g) Video and Cassette room (desirable); and h) Air-conditioned Computer room with Medlar and Internet facility with minimum of 40 nodes.

22. National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) 22 The norms and standards prescribed by the National Council for Teacher Education to the colleges offering B.Ed. programme are as follows: Library Space: There shall be a library-cum-reading room with seating capacity for at least fifty percent students equipped Collection: Minimum 1000 titles and 3000 books including text and reference books relevant to the course of study, year books, electronic publications (CD-ROMs) and minimum five journals of education and subscription to five others in related disciplines. Technical support staff: Librarian (one) Qualifications: Bachelor’s degree in library and information science (with fifty five percent marks) Remuneration; The supporting staff shall be paid as per the UGC/State Government / Central Government pay scales structure. The library shall have photocopying facility and computer with Internet facility for the use of faculty and students. Except in the case of textbooks and reference books, there shall not more than three multiple copies of each titles.

23. Indian Nursing Council (INC) 23 There shall be provision for e-library also. there shall be a Departmental library-cum-seminar room (30 sq.m . area) with at least 80-100 books. However, not more than two copies of any one book shall be counted towards computation of the total number of books. The staff pattern suggested by MCI for the Central Library of a Medical College is as follows: 1. Librarian with a degree in Library Science - 1 2. Deputy Librarian - 1 3. Documentalist - 1 4. Cataloguer - 1 5. Library Assistants - 4 6. Daftaries - 2 7. Peons - 2

24. Library Space 24 According to Mc Donald Ten qualities of Library Space, “It is recognized that good library space has ten important qualities and that, ideally, this new space should be; Functional Adaptable Accessible Varied Interactive Conducive Environmentally suitable Safe and secure Efficient Suitable for information technology

25. Library Space 25 According to Mc Donald Ten qualities of Library Space, “It is recognized that good library space has ten important qualities and that, ideally, this new space should be; Functional Adaptable Accessible Varied Interactive Conducive Environmentally suitable Safe and secure Efficient Suitable for information technology

26. CLASSIFICATION OF LIBRARIES 26 Public Library ( PL ) a) National Library ( NL ), b) State Library ( SL ), c) City Library ( CL ), d) District Library ( DL ) e) Branch Library ( BL ) Academic Library ( AL ) a) University Library ( UL ), b) Departmental Library ( DL ) c) College Library ( CL ), and d) School Library ( SL ) Institutional Library ( IL ) ( Other than Academic Library ) a) Library of a Research Laboratory ( RLL ), b) Industrial Research Library ( IRL ), c) Library for Professional Institutions ( LPI )

27. Cannemara LIBRARIES 27

28. Cannemara LIBRARIES 28

29. Building struture of Cannemara LIBRARIES 29

30. Anna centenary libraries 30

31. School Library : 31 Every school is a teaching learning centre which is incomplete without a library. The services of a school library must be available to the entire school community regardless of nationality, gender, race, religion, caste and creed. Infrastructure From stacks to chairs, tables and step stool, etc. every item should be selected according to the age and height of its users. primary school library, furniture as well as the interior of its building should be aesthetically attractive and vivid so that it can offer an energetic and interesting environment to its users. Pictures of popular cartoon characters, quotations, etc. can also be painted on library walls. Separate building, fully equipped with proper lighting, heating, cooling, drinking water facility, adequate space for library staff with essential proper space for stack area, adequate sitting arrangements for students Improper selection of furniture is adequately depicted in the following picture:

32. University Libraries 32 A university is regarded as a ‘community of teachers and students’ engaged in extending the boundaries of knowledge through research, and seeking truth. Radhakrishnan Commission, in its Report on University Education (1948-49), while realising the importance of libraries in the fulfilment of the objectives, observed that “the library is the heart of all the university’s work; directly so, as regards its research work, and indirectly as regards its educational work…”. Later, the Kothari Commission in its Report on Education and National Development (1964-66), laid emphasis on the proper development of university library system. Fifth Law of Library Science, ie , the library is a growing organism. The university libraries grow in terms of information resources, users, manpower, furniture and other equipments. university library should be reflected in its geographical location, while constructing the library building. It will also satisfy the requirements of at least the first four laws of library science as enunciated by S.R. Ranganathan . The Bureau of Indian Standards, in its earlier avatar, had prepared some standards for the design of library buildings for architectural guidance IS : 1553-1960 Code of practice relating to primary elements in the design of library building. IS: 1172-1957 Code of basic requirements for water supply, drainage and sanitation.

33. University Libraries 33 Furniture and Equipments The following items of furniture and equipments are required in a university library: a. Book racks b. Catalogue cabinets c. Reading tables and chairs d. Circulation counter furniture and other counters e. Display racks f. Tables and chairs for technical staff g. Office tables and chairs h. Computer tables and chairs i . Racks for display and storage of periodicals j. Newspaper stands k. Book trolley, and so on Equipments a. Computers systems, printers, and communication links b. Telephones c. Fax machine d. Photocopying machines e. Telex machine f. Microform readers g. CD ROM readers h. Multimedia equipments i . Fumigation chamber j. Fire extinguishers More items of furniture and equipments can be added to this basic list at any time as and when required .

34. Public Libraries 34 A public library is a vital community space providing a safe and comfortable place for general public to access and use information, as well as to meet with others. Libraries provide space for users not only to read and study, but also to satisfy the information requirements of all categories of user groups. the public library requires a well-designed building located at an appropriate site, proper lighting, suitable interiors, furniture and fittings and a suitable study environme PHYSICAL RESOURCES a) Building b) Lighting c) Furniture d) Interior decoration e) Equipment Besides being easily accessible, they should be located close to other essential activities of the particular locality. Planning a Library Building Size of the library Design features Designated spaces Accessible shelving space Signage posting The ambience of the library Space for electronic and audio-visual equipment Safety

35. Public Libraries 35 the Public Library Service: IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines for Development (2001) provides basic principles and policies to be followed for a successful public library system in a country. Rural Libraries, in India Space - 1000 sq. ft. Number of books - 6000 Periodicals and newspapers - 10 Reading seats – 25 Internet workstations - 5 Urban Library The size of an urban library in a municipal town or district headquarter should depend upon the size of the population. Space - 5000 sq.ft . Number of books - 10,000 Periodicals and newspapers - 50 Reading seats - 50 Internet access points- 10

36. Library Services for Differently Abled 36 Although physical disabilities are carried in nature, the most commonly observed disabilities relate to speech, hearing, vision and movement. The following facilities should be available for differently abled groups:- .Provision of books in Braille. · Provision of services of Library staff to read out to visually - challenged readers; · Audio-recordings on cassettes to be made available; · Easy entry to the library by constructing ramps; · Construction of special toilets; · Provision of special space in the reading room where the reader on a wheelchair can read and work in a comfortable environment; · Easy access to general readers reading room and reference collection. · Easy access to halls/auditorium for cultural activities;

37. Standards for Library Buildings 37 Ranganathan was the protagonist in the propagation of standards in the field of librarianship and library science in India. Indian Standards Institution appointed him the Chairman of its Documentation Sectional Committee. he documentation sectional committee accorded priority to the areas of library buildings, furniture and fittings. The reasons for this kind of priority were many. A study of standards of other countries reveals that India is perhaps the only country where national standards have been formulated and published on the library buildings furniture etc. nobody has taken keen interest in adopting these standards seriously. Ranganathan called upon practitioners in all areas to apply collective thoughts to examine the provisions in the Indian standards already published on library housing. Every one should feel duty bound to help ISI to revise the standards to the necessary extent. the larger interests personal prejudices should be overcome and got an agreed architectural tradition of our country without violence to our getting the full benefits of simplified standard practices whose value is now universally recognized

38. Standards for Library Buildings 38 Standards from Abroad Harvard- Willians has enunciated some basic standards for university libraries The University library buildings at present are planned for a minimum life of 10 years from the date of opening but Harvard- Willans suggested that these buildings should preferably be planned for upto 25 and must normally be capable of extension. Secondly library buildings should be planned with a minimum of pillars and partition walls and a minimum floor loading of 125 Ibs per square foot or 600 kg per square meter. Prescribed standard floor loading in United States and United Kingdom is 150 Ibs per sq. ft. or 750 kg per square meter Thirdly for each reader place minimum 25 sq. ft. or two to three square meters should be allowed. For graduate readers 30 sq. ft. or 2.8 sq. meters, for professors 40 sq. ft. or 3.7 sq. meter should be allowed Fourthly, stack areas should be able to accommodate 160 v per square meter or 10,000 v per 60 sq. meter. All these standards assume shelving in bays of 7'-6'' 3'-long 8'' wide (or 2.3m 1m 0.20m). An allowance of 120 sq. ft. or 11 squaremeter per member of library staff should be made

39. Standards for Library Buildings 39 Standards for Reading Area All of these standards have been approved by the University Grants Commission. Reading area the Indian standards prescribes that the average area per reader in the reading room should be 2.33 sq. meter minimum. The Canadian standards recommends 25 sq. ft. (2.3 square meter) per undergraduate reader (reading table accommodation) 35 sq. ft. (3.3 square meter) per graduate reader and 75 sq. ft. (7.0 square meter) per faculty reader (accommodation in individual carrels). France, the standard of 1.5 sq. meter per student remains the average standard for university library buildings Australian University Libraries, states that the overall provision per reader in general reading area as 20 sq. ft. (2 sq. meter) University Grants Committee of the United Kingdom, recommended that the total number of reader and study place throughout the university should not normally exceed: One seat for every three Arts under-graduate students. One seat for every five Science under-graduate students. One seat for each Arts postgraduate student One seat for every three Science postgraduate students.

40. Standards for Library Buildings 40 Standards for Book Space French standards stacks is 60 square meter per 10,000 volumes. British standards suggest some 5.83 square meter per 1000 volumes over all. Indian standards prescribes 150 volumes per sq. meter, while each unit book rack 2m long may be assumed to house 700-750 volumes. i ) Librarian and Deputy Librarian 30 square meters ii) Classifier, Cataloguer, Accession Librarian and Maintenance Librarian 9 square meter per person iii) Secretary to the Librarian 9 square meter iv) Visitor's room 15 square meter v) Administrative and professional staff not at service points and other than those mentioned in (ii) 5 square meter per person vi) Group discussion room 2 square meter per person vii) Conference room 2 square meter per person viii) Seminar room 2 square meter per person ix) Committee room 2 square meter per person x) Cubicals 7 square meter per person Standards for Staff Areas ( Indian Standard 1553-1976 )

41. Standards for Library Buildings 41 While the British Standards suggest the following: i) Librarian 22 square meter ii) Deputy Librarian 13.5 square meter iii) Assistant Librarian 9 square meter iv) Secretary/Typist 9 or 7 square meter if shared v) Cataloguers 9 square meter each

42. VARIOUS NATIONAL STANDARDS ON READING AREA , 42 BOOK SPACE AND STAFF AREA . Country Reading Area Book Space Staff Area Indian Standards Institution 2.33 per Reader 150 volumes/m sq. Librarian and Dy. Librarian – 30m.sq . Asstt . Librarian and Secretary to Librarian- 9 m.sq . University Grants Committee (UK) 2.3m.sq. per seat Open/Access Books 213 vols / m.sq . Bound journals 106 m.sq . Closed Access Books 248 vols / m.sq Bound journals 122 vols / m.sq . Librarian-22m.sq. Dy. Librarian 13.5m.sq. Asstt . Librarian and secretary to Librarian 9 m.sq . American Library Association Undergraduate 25 sq. ft. Graduate 30 sq. ft Teacher 40 sq. ft. 160 vols / sq. 120 sq. ft. (11.3 m.sq) per person It is evident from the above data that 2 to 2.3 square meter should be the minimum reading area per reader.

43. Conclusion Lastly, it is suggested that while planning and designing the new library buildings or extending the existing ones, it should be the prime endeavour of the university librarians that the standards formulated by the Indian standards Institution be implemented with greater best. It is an important principle in standardisation that the standards will develop only in the hands of its users The University Grants Commission and the library associations like ILA, IASLIC etc. should make vigorous efforts to see that the future library buildings be designed and constructed keeping in view the Indian standards strictly since the Indian standards are in the metres, the librarians should ask the architects to prepare the blue prints in metric system only. library building plays an important role in providing efficient and effective library services. A separate and well planned library is important for organizing the library on modern lines… 43

44. References 44 Anders C. Dahlgren, Eigenbrodt , O., Latimer, K., & Romero, S. (2009). Key Issues in Building Design: How to get started in planning a project. IFLA Journal Official Journal of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, 1–10. Equipment, C.-, They, A., The, C., & The, D. ( n.d .). Furniture and Equipment : Sizes , Spacing , and Arrangement. Jayalakshmi , C. (2018). Adoptive Natured Green Library Based on Fecility Management and Training, (1), 144–148. Paper, C., & Veterinary, T. N. (2015). Norms and Standards for Library prescribed by Regulatory Bodies of Professional Education in India : A Study REGULATORY BODIES OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN INDIA :, (October 2014). Pockets, A., & Headband, F. (1965). Standards for Library, 177–188. Singh, Gurudev . (2015). Academic library system and services. New Delhi : ESS ESS Standards, L. (2018). Indian Standards Institute which is now known as Bureau of Indian Standards, appointed Dr. S. R. Ranganathan as the Chairman of its first Documentation Sectional Committee, which fixed (accorded) priority to the areas of, 1–6. Ythers , F. N. (1974). Standards for library service: an international survey.

45. THANK YOU ALL FOR YOUR PATIENCE! 45