Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of PET Bottles

Life-cycle assessment or LCA (also known as life-cycle analysis) is a methodology for assessing environmental impacts associated with all the stages of the life-cycle of a commercial product, process, or service. For instance, in the case of a manufactured product, environmental impacts are assessed from raw material extraction and processing (cradle), through the product's manufacture, distribution, and use, to the recycling or final disposal of the materials composing it.

1. KULVENDRA PATEL 2K19/ENE/05 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ROHIT AGRAWAL 2K19/ENE/04 Delhi Technological University

2. Environmental Impact Assessment of Plastic bottles using LCA software 1. METHODOLOGY LCA is based on ISO 14040 and 14044. Production Transportation Bottle Filling Functional Unit:- 1 unit of bottle product with a volume of 1 litre water 1.1 Goal and Definition PET vs PC Cradle to grave analysis of PET Boundary Definition and Functional Unit Case-1 PET vs PC

3. Case-2 Cradle-to-Grave analysis of PET Bottle Bottled Water Life Cycle PET Bottle Raw Material Production Recycled PET Production Virgin PET Production PP CAP Cap Injection Molding Cap Raw Material Production PET Bottle Converting Preform Injection Molding Blow Molding to Bottle OPP Label Label Raw Material Production Label Extrusion Refrigeration Treated Spring Water Distribution Bottled Water Disposal Bottled Water Recycling Rigid Plastic in Landfill Plastic Resin Incineration Functional Unit:- 1 unit of bottle product with a volume of 0.5 litre water

4. 1.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Case-1 PET vs PC PET Bottle Production PC Bottle Production PET Granulate Production Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) granulate 60 g PC Granulate Production Polycarbonate (PC) granulate 60 g Polyethylene high density (PE-HD) granulate 4 g Polyethylene low density (PE-LD) granulate 4 g Polypropylene (PP) granulate 1 g Polybutadiene (PB) granulate 1 g PET Transport Granulates (PET,HDPE,PP) 65 g PC Transport Granulates (PC,LDPE,PB) Transport 65* *500 t*km Transport 65* *500 t*km PET Bottle Filling Granulate Transported 1 item PC Bottle Filling Granulate Transported 1 Item Drinking Water 1 kg Drinking Water 1 kg PET Bottle Production PC Bottle Production PET Granulate Production Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) granulate 60 g PC Granulate Production Polycarbonate (PC) granulate 60 g Polyethylene high density (PE-HD) granulate 4 g Polyethylene low density (PE-LD) granulate 4 g Polypropylene (PP) granulate 1 g Polybutadiene (PB) granulate 1 g PET Transport Granulates (PET,HDPE,PP) 65 g PC Transport Granulates (PC,LDPE,PB) Transport Transport PET Bottle Filling Granulate Transported 1 item PC Bottle Filling Granulate Transported 1 Item Drinking Water 1 kg Drinking Water 1 kg PET Bottle Made of – i . PET granulate ii. HDPE granulate iii. PP granulate PC Bottle Made of – i . PC granulate ii. LDPE granulate iii. PB granulate Source: Azisb et.al, 2017

5. Case-2 Cradle-to-Grave analysis of PET Bottle Parameters Unit Values Inputs PET Bottle Weight g 20 Cap Mass g 2 Label Mass g 0.75 Electricity kWh 3.4462 Water kg 1 Transport kg*km 4 Diesel L 0.012 Output Emission to Air (CO 2 ) kg 2.2 Electricity kWh 1.2 Source: Department of Resources recycling and Recovery

6. 1.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) the objective is to understand and evaluate the magnitude and significance of the potential environmental impacts for a product system throughout the life cycle of the product The software used is Simapro 9.1.1.1 I MPACT 2002+ impact characterization method . Ecosystem quality – PDF* yr Human health – DALY Climate Change – kg CO 2 -eq. Resources – MJ   Damage Category 1.4 Interpretation the inventory analysis or the impact assessment are evaluated in relation to the defined goal and scope Used to identify limitations and recommendations

7. 2. RESULT 2.1 Case-1 PET vs PC Damage category Unit PET bottle production PC bottle production Human health DALY 1.33E-07 3.08E-07 Ecosystem quality PDF*m2*yr 0.005791683 0.007576121 Climate change kg CO2 eq 0.1959014 0.4068059 Resources MJ primary 5.0217284 6.6812659

8. Network of PC Bottle Production Network of PET Bottle Production

9. 2.2 Cradle-to-Grave analysis of PET

10. Damage category Unit Total Treated Spring Water Transport OPP Label PET Bottle Converting PET bottle Raw material PP CAP Refrigeration at retail Human health DALY 7.53E-06 2.95E-10 1.51E-09 3.00E-06 4.35E-06 1.22E-07 6.30E-09 4.92E-08 Ecosystem quality PDF*m2*yr 0.9283517 3.14E-05 0.001015879 0.36486268 0.53833757 0.01711232 0.001002123 0.005989729 Climate change kg CO2 eq 4.8103651 0.000435016 0.002015813 1.915095 2.7924781 0.062625017 0.00628379 0.031432382 Resources MJ primary 63.826443 0.003089411 0.032253469 24.969594 36.578021 1.6366498 0.19766674 0.40916884 Endpoint Category of PET Bottle Production (Cradle-to-Gate) Endpoint Category of PET Bottle Disposal Scenario (Gate-to-Grave) Damage category Unit Total Landfill Bottle Recycle Incineration Human health DALY -1.06E-06 1.56E-09 -7.98E-07 -2.67E-07 Ecosystem quality PDF*m2*yr -0.093662199 0.000722203 -0.06188361 -0.032500792 Climate change kg CO2 eq -0.30210356 0.001340415 -0.36168914 0.058245162 Resources MJ primary -13.086937 0.15108158 -11.017833 -2.2201857

11. Network of Life Cycle of PET Bottle

12. 3. Sensitive Analysis Damage category Unit PET BOTTLE PET BOTTLE-10% PET BOTTLE-30% Human health DALY 7.53E-06 7.08E-06 6.18E-06 Ecosystem quality PDF*m2* yr 0.9283517 0.87280672 0.76171674 Climate change kg CO2 eq 4.8103651 4.5248548 3.9538342 Resources MJ primary 63.826443 60.004976 52.362042

13. 4. Limitations LCI can rarely, if ever, include every single process and capture every single input and output due to system boundaries, data gaps, cut-off criteria, etc. Sensitivity and other uncertainty analyses are not fully developed

14. 5. References Hopewell, Jefferson & Dvorak, Robert & Kosior , Edward. (2009). Plastics Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences. 364. 2115-26. 10.1098/rstb.2008.0311.  Civancik-Uslu D, Ferrer L, Puig R, Fullana - i -Palmer P. Are functional fillers improving environmental behavior of plastics? A review on LCA studies. Sci Total Environ 2018;626:927-40. Foolmaun RK, Ramjeeawon T. Comparative life cycle assessment and life cycle costing of four disposal scenarios for used polyethylene terephthalate bottles in Mauritius. Environ Technol 2012;33:2007-18. Franklin Associates.Life Cycle Inventory Of 100% Postconsumer HDPE and PET Recycled Resin from Postconsumer Containers and Packaging; Report, 2011

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