LIFE CYCLE OF ASPERGILLUS & PENICILLIUM ppt

life cycle of aspergillus and penicillium well explained

1. RUNGTA COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY SUBJECT- MICROBIOLOGY (Paper 3) GUIDED BY :- MAM CHITRANSHI KHANDELWAL PRESENTED BY:- ANKIT SHARMA M.Sc 1 st sem

2. LIFE CYCLE OF ASPERGILLUS & PENICILLIUM

3. Introduction History Classification Occurrence Mode of reproduction Economic value Conclusion Current research Reference Contents :-

4. Aspergillus is a genus consisting of a few hundred mould species found in various climates worldwide. Aspergillum is an asexual spore-forming structure common to all Aspergillus species; around one-third of species are also known to have a sexual stage. Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that is of major importance in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug production. Some members of the genus produce penicillin, a molecule that is used as an antibiotic, which kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria. INTRODUCTION :-

5. Aspergillus :- 1729- Michele noted pattern of conidial head of Aspergillus with spore head of structure resembling aspergillum. 1809- link named Aspergillus flavos 1842- John hinges Bennett described aspergillosis 1965- Raper & Fennel reported 151 species. 18 groups History :- Penicillium : - 1928 – ALEXANDER FLEMING Bread mold ( Penicillium notatum ) growing on petridish . 1939 – FLOREY , Chain, and Associates Began work on isolating and synthesizing large amounts of penicillin. 1941 – introduced in antibacterial therapy 1944 – penicillin has been at the disposal of all people

6. Kingdom : Fungi Division : Ascomycota Sub division : Eumycotina Class : Eurotiomycetes Order : Eurotiale Family : Trichocomaceae Genus : Aspergillus Classification of Aspergillus and P enicillum Kingdom : Fungi Division : Ascomycota Class : Eurotiomycetes Order : Eurotiales Family :Trichocomaceae Genus : penicillium

7. Aspergillus species are highly aerobic It is found in almost all oxygen-rich environments, where they commonly grow as molds on the surface of a substrate, as a result of the high oxygen tension. There are 200 species of Aspergillus. Several species of Aspergillus , including A. niger and A. fumigatus, will readily colonise buildings,favouring warm and damp or humid areas such as bathrooms and around window frames. Saprophytic species of Penicillium and Aspergillus are among the best-known representatives of the Eurotiales and live mainly on organic biodegradable substances. Penicillium species are present in the air and dust of indoor environments, such as homes and public buildings. Occurrence :-

8. MODE OF REPRODUCTION IN ASPERGILLUS

9. Conidiophores :- Cells vigorously grow and mycelium become thick walled. Thick walled t shaped cells called foot cell. Each t cell produce erect branch called conidiophores. Length of conidiophores is around 2.5mm. Swells at the tip and form globose called vesicle. Lumen of vesicle is continuous with upper part of conidiophores. From the surface of vesicle tubular cells grows outwards called stigmata or phialides. Phialides cover the whole surface of vesicle. A) Asexual reproduction in ASPERGILLUS :-

10. microscopic slide of ASPERGILLUS

11. Sexual reproduction is rare. Female sex organ is called ascogonia or archicarp. Male sex organ is called pollonidium or anthridium B) Sexual reproduction :-

12. Plasmogamy Fusion of ascogonium and anthredium. Tip of anthredium fuse with trochogyne. Then intervening wall is dissolved. Content of anthredium pass into the trochogyne. Here haplophase ends. Male nuclei pair with female nuclei. Each pair is called dikaryon and phase is called dikaryophase. Plasmogamy :-

13. Diplophase Diploid nucleus undergoes three successive division. 1st and 2nd division are meiosis. 3rd division is mitotic As a result 8 haploid daughter nuclei form. Each haploid nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm. Then formation of wall occur called ascopores. So 8 ascospores are formed. Diplophase :-

14. MODE OF REPRODUCTION IN PENICILLIUM

15. It takes place by formation of conidia Conidia are produced on special hyphae called conidiophores The conidia are erect , brown and broom like in fashion Each branch bears short branch at its tip , called metulae At each metula , there are bottle shaped sterigmata Conidia are produced in chains at these sterigmata Whole group of metulae and sterigmata are called - pencillus A) Asexual reproduction in PENICILLIUM :-

16. Each conidia is tiny, uninucleate, spore like structure, May be globose and ovoid in shape The spore wall is pigmented and it is made up of two layers The outer layer is thick, pigmented is called exine The inner layer smooth, and thin called as intine Inside the spore wall plasma membrane is present , which encloses the mitochondria , ribosomes in embedded for Structure of conidia :-

17. It is the perfect state of Penicillium All the species are homothallic The sexual reproduction is oogamous Male sex organ is called antheridia Female sex organ is called ascogonia Sexual reproduction :-

18. It’s a long , erect, multinucleate , tubular structure , with curved upper end It arises from a uninucleate , septate hypha as a finger – like lateral outgrowth which elongates in to an ascogonium The nucleus of the ascogonium divides many times mitotically to produce 32 to 64 nuclei. Ascogonium :-

19. While the ascogonium is developing, A slender uninucleate branch originates from a cell of the same hypha adjacent to the developing ascogonium, or from neighboring hypha. This is called antheridial branch It grows up and coils around the ascogonium The tip of the antheridial branch swells up and cut off from rest of the branch to form a uninucleate antheridium Antheridium :-

20. The tip of the antheridia comes into contact with the wall of the ascogonium and the wall of contact between the two dissolves to form a pore The protoplast of the gametangia come in contact with each other through this pore The antheridial and ascogonial nuclei arrange themselves in pairs Each pair is called a dikaryon Fertilization :-

21. Penicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti are the molds on Camembert, Brie, Roquefort, and many other cheeses. In addition to their importance in the food industry, species of Penicillium and Aspergillus serve in the production of a number of biotechnologically produced enzymes and other macromolecules, such as gluconic , citric, and tartaric acids, as well as several pectinases, lipase, amylases, cellulases , and proteases. ECONOMIC VALUE

22. As an organism, fungi influence our life knowingly or unknowingly. It proves to be beneficial as it helps in maintain balance of the ecosystem by serving as an integral component in the ecological recycling It contribute to the economy also However, the negative face of these organisms should also be well understood, its ability to spoil thing and cause disease to other organisms. Through proper understanding and management few follies of the Fungi could be prevented and made to good use. Conclusion :-

23.     Aspergillus -specific antibodies - Targets and applications . Schubert M, Spiegel H, Schillberg S, Nölke G.Biotechnol Adv. 2018 Jul-Aug;36(4):1167-1184. doi : 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.016. Epub 2018 Mar 30.PMID: 29608951   Azole resistance mechanisms in  Aspergillus : update and recent advances . Pérez- Cantero A, López-Fernández L, Guarro J, Capilla J.Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Jan;55(1):105807. doi : 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.09.011. Epub 2019 Sep 19.PMID: 31542320  Penicillium Species and Their Associated Mycotoxins Perrone G, Susca A. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1542:107-119. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-670 PMID: 27924532 The diversity and ecological roles of Penicillium in intertidal zones.Park MS, Oh SY, Fong JJ, Houbraken J, Lim YW. Sci Rep. 2019 Sep 19;9(1):13540. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49966-5.PMID: 31537866 CURRENT RESEARCH

24. Ragland Annie, Kumaresan V., Arumugam N. A textbook of botany volume-1, SaraS publication Singh Dr. N. B. , Singh Dr. N.K. , textbook of botany first year book, page no. 191. Reference :-

25. Thank you