LIFE PROCESS.pptx

Cbse 10th class

1. LIFE PROCESS CHAPTER- 6 SCINCE (CBSE CLASS 10) By:- TRIPURARI PRAJAPATI M.Sc. BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. Contents: What are life processes Nutrition Autotrophic Nutrition Heterotrophic Nutrition Nutrition in Human beings Nutrition in Plants. Respiration Transportation Excretion

3. What are life processes : The basic functions performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this earth are called life processes. Eg : Nutrition Respiration Transportation Excretion Growth Movement Reproduction .

4. Energy needed for the life processes : All the living organisms need energy to perform various life processes. They get this energy from food . Food is a kind of fuel which provides energy to all the living organisms . The energy required by an organism comes from the food that the organism eats . Thus food is the basic requirement of all living organisms for obtaining energy.

5. NUTRITION : It is a process in which food is obtained in order to utilize it to energy for performing various metabolic activities of the organism . Eg : Energy Growth and Development Repair of damaged tissue The term nutrition comes from the word nutrient.

6. Nutrients : The substance which an organism obtains from its surroundings and uses it as a source of energy or for biosynthesis of its body constituents . Eg : Carbohydrates Proteins Lipid/ fats Vitamins and Minerals

7. MODES OF NUTRITION : Modes of nutrition means methods of producing food or obtaining food by an organism . Autotrophic Heterotrophic

8. 1. Autotrophic mode of nutrition : The word ‘auto’ means ‘self’ and ‘ trophe ’ means ‘nutrition’. Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism makes (or synthesized) its own food from the simple inorganic material like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings.

9. AUTOTROPHS : Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water are called autotrophs. The autotrophic organisms contain the green pigment called chlorophyll which is capable of tripping sunlight energy . Eg : Green plants Cyanobacteria

10. 2. Heterotrophic mode of nutrition : The word ‘ heteros ’ means ‘others’ and ‘ trophe ’ refers to ‘nutrition’. Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make (or synthesize) its own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms for its food.

11. HETEROTROPHS : Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water, and depends on other organisms for their food are called heterotrophs . Eg : Animals Yeast

12. TYPES OF HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION : Parasitic nutrition Saprotrophic nutrition Holozoic nutrition

13. 1. Saprotrophic nutrition : Saprotrophic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism obtains its food from decaying organic matter of dead plants, dead animals and rotten bread, etc. The organism having saprotrophic mode of nutrition are called saprophytes . Eg : Fungi

14. 2. Parasitic nutrition : The parasitic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism derives its food from the body of another living organism (called its host) without killing it. The organism which obtains the food is called a ‘parasite’ and the organism from whose body food is obtained is called the ‘host’. Eg : Several fungi , ticks Bacteria, lice plants like Cuscuta ( amarbel ), leeches, tapeworms

15. 3. Holozoic nutrition : The holozoic nutrition is that nutrition in which an organism takes the complex organic food material into its body by the process of ingestion, the ingested food is then absorbed into the body cell of the organism . The human beings and most of the animals have a holozoic mode of nutrition. Eg : Humans Animals

16. NUTRITION IN PLANTS : The process by which green plants make their own food (like glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.

17. The food prepared by the green leaves of a plant is in the form of simple sugar called glucose. It is then sent to the different parts of the plant . The extra glucose is changed into another food called starch. This starch is stored in the leaves of the plant.

18. PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE IN THE FOLLOWING THREE STEPS : Absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll . Conversion of light energy into chemical energy, and splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen by light energy . Reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen to form carbohydrates like glucose by utilizing the chemical energy.

19. How the plants obtain carbon dioxide : There are large number of tiny pores called stomata on the surface of the leaves of plants . The stomatal pore is surrounded by a pair of guard cells . The opening and closing of stomatal pores is controlled by the guard cell.

20. How the plants obtain water for photosynthesis The water required by the plants for photosynthesis is absorbed by the roots of the plants from the soil through the process of osmosis . The plant take material like nitrogen, phosphorus , iron and magnesium , etc. from the soil.

21. Site of photosynthesis : Chloroplasts

22. NUTRITION IN ANIMALS : Animals obtain their food from plants or other animals All the animals can be divided into three groups on the basis of their food habits . 1 . Herbivores 2 . Carnivores 3 . Omnivores.

23. 1. Herbivores : Those animals which eat only plants are called herbivores . The herbivores may eat grasses, leaves, grains, fruits or the bark of tree. Eg : goat, cow, buffalo, horse, camel, grasshopper, etc.

24. 2. Carnivores : Those animals which eat only other animal as food are called carnivores. Carnivores eat only the meat of other animals. Eg : lion, tiger , frog, vulture, kingfisher , lizard , wolf, snake and hawk.

25. 3. Omnivores : Those animals which eat both, plants and animals are called omnivores. eg : H uman beings, dog, crow, sparrow, bear, mynah and ant.

26. Different steps in the process of nutrition in animals : Ingestion : the process of taking food into the body is called ingestion . Digestion: the process in which the food containing large, insoluble molecules is broken down into small, water soluble molecules is called digestion . Absorption: the process in which the digested food passes through the intestinal wall into blood stream is called absorption .

27. Assimilation: the process in which the absorbed food is taken in by body cells and used for energy, growth and repair is called assimilation . Egestion: the process in which the undigested food is removed from the body is called egestion.

28. NUTRITION IN AMOEBA : Amoeba is a unicellular animal . Amoeba eats tiny plants and animals as food which float on water in which it lives. The mode of nutrition in amoeba is holozoic . The process of obtaining food by amoeba is called phagocytosis.

29. NUTRITION IN AMOEBA :

30. NUTRITION IN PARAMECIUM : Paramecium is also a tiny unicellular animal which lives in water. Paramecium uses its hair likes structures called cilia to sweep the food particles from water and put them into its mouth.

31. NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS:

32. peristalic movement of esophagous .

33. Salivary glands The salivary glands in our mouth produce saliva. The human saliva contains enzyme called salivary amylase . Salivary amylase digests the starch (carbohydrate ).

34. Stomach The food is churned in the stomach for about three hours . During this time the food breaks down into still smaller pieces and forms semi solid paste . The stomach wall contains three tubular glands in its walls. The glands present in the walls of the stomach secrete gastric juice . creates an acidic medium Eg : H ydrochloric acid kills any bacteria Pepsin Protein Mucus

35. Small intestine The walls of small intestine contain gland which secrete intestinal juice. The intestinal juice contains a number of enzymes which complete the digestion of Carbohydrates G lucose Proteins Amino acids Fats. F atty acids and Glycerol .

36. Liver Liver secretes bile . Bile is a greenish yellow liquid made in the liver which is normally stored in gall bladder . Bile is alkaline and performs two functions : (i) makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline . (ii) bile salts break the fats present in the food into small globules making it easy to digest them.

37. Pancreas Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains digestive enzymes Eg : pancreatic amylase starch Trypsin proteins lipase emulsified fats

38. Respiration : The process of releasing energy from food is called respiration . 𝒇𝒐𝒐𝒅+𝒐𝒙𝒚𝒈𝒆𝒏 → 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒆+𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓+𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚(ATP) ATP is substance called Adenosine Tri-phosphate . It has a high energy content. ATP is know as the energy currency of cells.

39. Breathing The mechanism by which organism obtain oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide is called breathing . = + RESPIRATION Breathing Oxidation of the food

40. Types of Respiration : Aerobic respiration (Presence of oxygen) Anaerobic respiration (Absence of oxygen)

41. Aerobic respiration 𝑮𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝒚𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝟔 +𝟔 +𝟑𝟖𝑨𝑻𝑷 Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration in the cells . Eg : humans dogs cats lions elephants cows , ect .   Glycolysis cytoplasm   ( Kreb’s cycle) Mitochondria

42. Anaerobic respiration Alcoholic fermentation: 𝑮𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝒚𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆 2 +2 +2𝑨𝑻𝑷 B. Lactic acid Fermentation: 𝑮𝒍𝒖𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝑷𝒚𝒓𝒖𝒗𝒂𝒕𝒆 2 lactic acid +2𝑨𝑻𝑷   Fermentation Yeast Glycolysis Glycolysis Muscle tissue

43. Difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen. Complete breakdown of food occurs in aerobic respiration. Partial breakdown of food occurs in anaerobic respiration. The end products in aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water. The end products in anaerobic respiration may be ethanol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid. Aerobic respiration produces a considerable amount of energy. Much less energy is produced in anaerobic respiration.

44. RESPIRATION IN PLANTS : Plants get oxygen by diffusion.

45. Respiration in roots : The roots of a plant take the oxygen required for respiration from the air present in between the soil particles by the process of diffusion . The extensions of the epidermal cells of a root called root hair. The root hair are contact with the air in the soil.

46. Respiration in stems : Herbaceous plants (without woody stem): Stomata for gaseous exchange Woody stem: Lenticels for gaseous exchange

47. Respiration in Leaves : The exchange of respiratory gases in the leaves takes place by the process of diffusion through stomata.

48. Respiration in Amoeba : Amoeba depends on simple diffusion of gases for breathing . Amoeba lives in water. The oxygen from water diffuses into the body of amoeba through cell membrane.

49. Respiration in Earthworm : The earthworm exchanges the gases through its skin . The skin of an earthworm is quite thin and moist, and has a good blood supply . Oxygen is transported to all the cells of the earthworm by its blood where it is used for respiration . The gas exchange in a leech also occurs through its skin.

50. Respiration in Fish : The fish has special organs of breathing called gills . The fish breathes by taking in water through its mouth and sending it over the gills . When water is passes over the gills , the gills extract dissolved oxygen from this water . The extracted oxygen is absorbed by the blood and carried to all the parts of the fish.

51. Respiration in Humans BREATHING : Breathing is the process by which air rich in oxygen is taken inside the body of an organism and air rich in carbon dioxide is expelled from the body.

52. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS : The main organs of human respiratory system are : Nostril Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi L ungs Bronchioles Alveolar sac Blood capillaries D iaphragm .

53. TRANSPORTATION : In biology, transport is a life process in which a substance absorbed in one part of the body of an organism is carried to other parts of its body.

54. TRANSPORT IN PLANT: substances which are to be supplied to a plant through a transport system are water and minerals.

55. Transport system: The plants have two transport systems : Xylem carries water and minerals Phloem carries the food materials

56. Ascent of sap (Xylem) Transport of water and minerals from root to upward direction against Gravity via xylem tissue. Vessels Tracheids Fibres Parenchyma

57. Translocation Upward and downward movement of food material (Glucose) via phloem . Utilises ATP Sieve tube Companion cell Phloem parenchyma phloem Fibres

58. Transport in Animals Circulatory System : Blood Blood vessels Heart Arteries Auricle Ventricle Plasma Blood cells Veins RBC WBC Platelets Capillaries

59. Plasma The colourless liquid part of blood is called plasma . Plasma contains 90% water and other dissolved substances such as proteins, digested food, common salt, waste products (like carbon dioxide and urea), and hormones . Plasma carries all these dissolved substances from one part to another part in the body . Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are immersed in this liquid called plasma.

60. Red blood cells Red blood cells are red in colour due to the presence of red pigment called haemoglobin inside them . Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body . Red blood cells also carries carbon dioxide from body tissues to the lungs . Red blood cells are circular in shape and do not have nuclei .

61. White blood cells : White blood cells fight infections and protects us from diseases . Some white blood cells can eat up the germs (like bacteria) which cause diseases. Other white blood cells make chemicals known as antibodies to fight against infections. Antibodies are responsible for providing immunity in our body . White blood cells are either spherical in shape or irregular in shape . All the white blood cells have a nucleus.

62. Platelets : Platelets re tiny fragments of special cells formed in the bone marrow . Platelets do not have nuclei . Platelets helps in the coagulation of blood (or clotting of blood) in a cut or wound.

63. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD : Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to different parts of the body. Blood carries carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs for breathing out. Blood carries digested food from the small intestine to all the parts of the body. Blood carries hormones from the endocrine glands to different organs of the body. Blood carries a waste product called urea from liver to the kidneys for excretion in urine. Blood protects the body from diseases. Blood regulates blood temperature.

64. Heart

65. Lymphatic system : There is another type of fluid also involved in transportation. This is called lymph or tissue fluid. Through the pores present in the walls of capillaries some amount of plasma, proteins and blood cells escape into intercellular spaces in the tissues to form the tissue fluid or lymph. It is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and contains less protein. Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular spaces, which join to form large lymph vessels that finally open into larger veins . Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.

66. EXCRETION: The process of removal of toxic waste from the body of an organism is called excretion .

67. Excretion in plants: The main waste products produced by plants are carbon dioxide, water vapour and oxygen . The gaseous wastes of respiration and photosynthesis in plants are removed through the stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems and released to the air . The plant also store some of the waste products in their body parts . The plants get rid of these wastes by shedding of leaves, peeling of bark and falling of fruits . Some of the plant wastes get stored in the fruits of the plants in the form of solids bodies called raphides . These wastes are removed when the fruit get detached from the plant.

68. Excretion in Humans: excretory systems : two kidneys two ureters bladder urethra .

69. kidney The kidneys are bean shaped organs towards the back of our body just above the waist . The blood in our body is constantly passing through our kidney . The renal artery brings in the dirty blood into the kidneys . The function of kidneys is to remove the poisonous substance urea, other waste salts and excess water from the blood and excretes them in the form of yellowish liquid called urine. The cleaned blood is carried away from the kidneys by the renal vein . The ureters, one from each kidney, opens into urinary bladder . The bladder is a bag which stores urine till the time we go to the toilet . The urethra is a tube. The urine collected in the bladder is passed out from the body through the urethra.

70. Each kidney is made up of a large number of excretory units called nephrons. The nephron has a cup shaped bag its upper end which is called Bowman’s capsule. The lower end of Bowman’s capsule is tube shaped and it is called a tubule .

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