Limits fits and tolerance is the basic knowledge for diploma students to know about different types of fits and their uises

All machine are assembled by a number of individual parts or components. The relative motion between them must be clearly specified which require a knowledge on fundamentals of tolerances

1. Department of Collegiate and Technical Education Introduction to Surface Texture (Week 4) Session-I Course Outcome : CO3 MACHINE TOOL TECHNOLOGY ( IIIrd Semester) Mechanical Engineering Mechanical Engineering – 20ME32P

2. Mechanical Engineering – 20ME33P Introduction to Surface Texture Indication of Surface Roughness Symbols Indication of Surface Roughness Grades Tolerance Unilateral Tolerances Bilateral Tolerances Contents

3. Introduction to Surface Texture Surface Finish is a measure of the overall texture of a surface that is characterized by the lay, surface roughness, and waviness of the surface. Surface Finish when it is intended to include all three characteristics is often called Surface Texture to avoid confusion, since machinists often refer to Surface Roughness as Surface Finish. Another term, analogous to Surface Texture, is Surface Topology.

4. Contd., Surface roughness is a measure of finely spaced surface irregularities. Surface roughness is usually what machinists refer to when talking about “surface finish.” When talking about all three characteristics, they may use the term “Surface Texture” more properly

5. Indication of Surface Roughness Symbols The quality of a surface finish on a metal surface produced by production method other than machining is shown on the drawing by a tick symbol. This symbol consists of two legs of unequal length. These are inclined at approximately 60 to the line representing the surface to be machined with the vertex touching it

6. Contd.,

7. Indication of Surface Roughness Grades The surface roughness is too shown by the grade number instead of their numerical values. The BIS has prescribed twelve grades of surface roughness. These grades of roughness are numbered as N1, N2, N3………. N12.

8. Tolerance Tolerance can be defined as the magnitude of permissible variation of a dimension or other measured value or control criterion from the specified value. It can also be defined as the total variation permitted in the size of a dimension, and is the algebraic difference between the upper and lower acceptable dimensions. It is an absolute value

9. Contd., The basic purpose of providing tolerances is to permit dimensional variations in the manufacture of components, adhering to the performance criterion as established by the specification and design. If high performance is the sole criterion, then functional requirements dictate the specification of tolerance limits; otherwise, the choice of setting tolerance, to a limited extent, may be influenced and determined by factors such as methods of tooling and available manufacturing equipment

10. Unilateral Tolerances When the tolerance distribution is only on one side of the basic size, it is known as unilateral tolerance. In other words, tolerance limits lie wholly on one side of the basic size, either above or below it. Unilateral tolerance is employed when precision fits are required during assembly. This type of tolerance is usually indicated when the mating parts are also machined by the same operator. In this system, the total tolerance as related to the basic size is in one direction only

11. Contd., Unilateral tolerance is employed in the drilling process wherein dimensions of the hole are most likely to deviate in one direction only, that is, the hole is always oversized rather than undersized. Example:- + 0.02 - 0.02 40 +0.01 40 -0.01

12. Bilateral Tolerances When the tolerance distribution lies on either side of the basic size, it is known as bilateral tolerance. In other words, the dimension of the part is allowed to vary on both sides of the basic size but may not be necessarily equally disposed about it. The operator can take full advantage of the limit system, especially in positioning a hole. Example:- +0.02 -0.02 40 -0.01 40 +0.01

13. Contd., This system is generally preferred in mass production where the machine is set for the basic size. This is depicted in Fig. (b). In case unilateral tolerance is specified in mass production, the basic size should be modified to suit bilateral tolerance

14. REFERENCES Elements of Workshop Technology (Vols. 1 and II) by Hajra Chaudhary . Production Technology By R.K. Jain Foundry Technology By O.P.Khanna Engineering Drawing Vol-2 By K.R.Gopala Krishna Engineering Drawing By N.D.Bhat

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