Linear Integrated Circuits Introduction to IC.pptx

LIC

1. L I C Linear Integrated Circuits

2. What are Integrated Circuits? Integrated Circuits, commonly known as ICs, are the building blocks of modern electronic devices. An IC is a set of electronic circuits on a small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, usually silicon. ICs can function as amplifiers, oscillators, timers, counters, computer memory, microprocessors, and more.

3. History Early Electronics: Before ICs, electronic circuits were built using discrete components like resistors, capacitors, diodes, and transistors. These components were soldered onto printed circuit boards (PCBs). This method was bulky, expensive, and prone to failure. Birth of ICs: The concept of integrating electronic components on a single silicon chip was pioneered by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in the late 1950s. This innovation led to the first IC in 1958.

4. Active and Passive Components Feature Active Components Passive Components Power Requirement Requires external power source Does not require external power source Signal Amplification Can amplify signals Cannot amplify signals Functionality Active role in circuit operation Passive role in circuit operation Examples Transistors, Diodes, ICs Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors Usage Amplification, switching, signal control Energy storage, dissipation, and regulation

5. Electronics Analog Electronics: Common components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors (BJTs, FETs), operational amplifiers (op-amps), and analog filters. Components operate with continuously varying voltages and currents. Digital Electronics: Common components include logic gates (AND, OR, NOT), flip-flops, multiplexers, counters, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital memory. Components operate with distinct voltage levels representing binary states (high/low, 1/0).

6. SSI MSI LSI and VLSI

7. Importance of Linear Integrated Circuits Signal Processing Versatility Miniaturization Reliability and Consistency Cost-Effectiveness Energy Efficiency

8. Applications of Linear Integrated Circuits Amplifiers Filters Oscillators ADC/DAC Voltage Regulators Timers and Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs) Comparators and Schmitt Triggers

9. Real-World Examples Consumer Electronics : Audio amplifiers in home theater systems, equalizers, and headphone amplifiers. Voltage regulators in laptops, smartphones, and tablets to provide stable power supply. Medical Devices: ECG and EEG amplifiers that require precise and low-noise amplification of biological signals. Portable diagnostic equipment using ADCs and DACs for accurate data conversion. Industrial Automation : Sensors and transducers interfacing using instrumentation amplifiers for process control and monitoring. Signal conditioning circuits in automation systems to ensure accurate data acquisition. Automotive : Engine control units (ECUs) using op-amps and ADCs for sensor data processing. In-car audio and active noise cancellation systems use linear ICs for signal processing.

10. Moore’s Law Moore’s Law is the observation made by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, in 1965. It states that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years, while the cost of computers is halved .