Linux komputer coding line command infor

Line command

1. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Working with the Command -
Line Interface
Chapter 14

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Overview
•In this chapter, you will learn to
–Explain the operation of the command-line
interface
–Execute fundamental commands from the
command line
–Manipulate files and folders from the command line

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Historical/Conceptual
•IBM invented the PC in the late ’70s but
needed an operating system
–Digital Research had an OS but turned them down
–IBM went to a small company (Bill Gates at
Microsoft) that had created BASIC
–Microsoft had never written an OS but accepted
the challenge
•Gates found an OS called Quick-and-Dirty-Operating-
System (QDOS) and purchased it from the person who
wrote it
•Microsoft released it as MS-DOS V 1.1(Microsoft Disk
Operating System)
•MS-DOS 6.22 ultimately released in 1994
•DOS used a command -line interface

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Deciphering the Command -Line
Interface
IT Technician
CompTIA A+
Technician

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Command -Line Interface (CLI)
•How does a command -line interface
work?
–Begins with a promptindicating the computer is
ready to do something
–Type in a command and press ENTER
–The command is executed
–A new prompt is displayed—ready for the next
command
–CLI executes commands like the Windows GUI
•In CLI, type the command and press ENTER
•In GUI, point and click to execute commands

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Accessing the Command Line
•In Windows 2000 use the Run dialog box
–Start | Run
–Type cmd
•You may also access the command line
through the Start | All Programs menu

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The Command Prompt
•The command prompt is always focused
on a specific folder
–Any commands operate on the files and folders in
the folder in which you are focused
–You must first focus on the drive and folder where
you want to work

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Filenames and File Formats
•Each program or piece of data is stored
as a file on the drive
•Filenames have two parts
–Filename
•In DOS, up to 8 characters long
–Extension
•In DOS, up to 3 characters long
•Optional
•The filename and extension are
separated by a dot
–Called the 8.3 naming system
•These characters may not be used
/ \[ ] | ÷+ = ; , * ?

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Filenames and Formats
•Windows does not restrict the filename
to 8.3 (can be up 255 characters)
–To be backward-compatible with DOS you need to
follow the 8.3 standard
–Windows creates two filenames for every file to
ensure backward-compatibility
•The extension tells the computer the
type of file
–.exe, .doc, .xls

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File Formats
•All files written in binary format
•American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) used for text
–Universal file format
–Defines 256 8-bit characters
•Unicode
–Uses 16-bit code to cover every character for the
most common languages

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ASCII Character Chart

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Drives and Folders
•At boot, Windows assigns partitions and
a drive letter
–Floppy drives are usually assigned A: or B:
–Hard drive partitions may be assigned C: to Z:
–CD-ROM drives are named after hard drives
•Windows uses a hierarchical directory
tree
–Files are put into groups called folders
•In DOS we call folders directories
–The root directory is at the beginning of the
hierarchical structure with folders underneath

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Folders and Files
•Folders and files must be unique
–Can’t be the same name in the same folder
•C:\represents the root directoryof C
•To describe a subfolder, add the name of
the folder
–C:\TEST
•The location of a file is called the path
–The path of C:\test\file.txtis C:\test

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Directory Tree

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Mastering Fundamental Commands

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Structure: Syntax and Switches
•The command line requires the exact
syntax for each command
•Type the name of the command and
desired or allowed switches
–Switches modify the behavior of the command
–Multiple switches may be allowable
–DIR /W /P
Displays the directory in wide mode and one page
at a time

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Help
•Help with any command is readily
available in one of three ways
–HELPgives a one-line description of each
command
–HELP commandgives specific help for the
command
–Command/?gives specific help for the command

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DIR Command
•The DIRcommand lists the contents of a
particular directory
–The DIR/W command lists only the filenames

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DIR Command Switches

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Directories: CD Command
•The CD(or CHDIR) command is used to
change the focus to a different directory
•The CD\command is used to return to
the root directory
•CD ..Goes up one directory
•To switch between drives, type the drive
letter followed by a colon
–C:
–D:

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Making and Removing Directories
•The MD(or MKDIR) command is used for
creating a directory
•The DELcommand is used for deleting
files, and the RD(RMDIR) command is
used for deleting directories and
subdirectories
•The DELTREEcommand is used for
deleting directories containing files and
subdirectories

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Running a Program
To run a program:
–Change the DOS focus to the directory where the
program is stored
CD C:\Program Files\My Program
–Type the filename with or without its extension and
press ENTER
Setup.exe

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Working with Files

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Working with Files
•Attributes(H, R, S, A) are special values
assigned to a file
–Hidden: hides the file
–Read-only: protects a file
from being deleted or modified
–System: identifies system files
–Archive: identifies files that
have not been backed up
•The ATTRIB.EXE program is used to
inspect and change file attributes

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Attrib
•Attrib can be used to change the
attributes
–Use +to add attribute
-Use –to remove attribute
Attrib +R AILOG.TXTMakes it read only
Attrib –H AILOG.TXT Makes it no longer hidden

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Working with Files
Wildcards:
–Wildcards are special characters that enable
commands to act on more than one file at a time
–The *represents any number of characters
–The ?represents a single character
DIR *.TXT Lists all files that end in .TXT
DIR *.?XT Lists all files that end in XT

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Working with Files
•RENcommand is used to rename files
•DELand ERASEcommands are used to
delete files
•COPYcommand is used for making a
copy of the file in a new location
•MOVEcommand is used for moving the
file to a new location
•XCOPYcommand is used for working
with multiple directories

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Mike’s Five-Step COPY/MOVE
Process
1.Point the command prompt to the
directory containing the files to be
copied or moved
C:\> CD \DOCS
2. Type COPY or MOVE and a space
C:\DOCS> COPY
3. Type the name(s) of the file(s) to be
copied/moved and a space
C:\DOCS> COPY *.doc
4. Type the path of the new location for
the files
C:\DOCS> COPY *.doc c:\Steam
5. Press ENTER

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Working with Batch Files
•Batch files are text files that store a
series of commands
–One command on each line
–Batch files use the .BATextension
–Batch files may be edited with any text editor
•Notepad
•EDIT
–Batch files get their own type of icon

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EDIT
•EDITis a command-line command that
starts a basic text editor

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Creating a Batch File
•Using EDIT, type in some commands on
their own line (such as cd:\and Dir)
•Save the file with a .BAT extension
–C:\test.bat
•Launch a command prompt and run the
batch file
C:\> CD \
C:\> Test.bat

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Additional Commands
•Some additional commands are
–VERshows the current version of Windows
–ECHOtells the batch file to put text on the screen
–TYPEdisplays the contents of a batch file on
the screen
–SETdisplay settings that Windows has loaded
by default

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ECHO Command
•ECHOwill display text on the screen
•ECHO OFFturns off the display of text on
the screen
•@at the beginning of a line prevents
displaying the command, but not the
result of the command
•@ECHO OFF is frequently used in batch
files to “clean up” the appearance when
the batch file is run

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SET and PATH Commands
•SETwill display the list of settings that
Windows loads by default
•Programs (and batch files) are run from
the location where the prompt is
–If the program is not located in the current folder,
you receive an error message
–To tell your command to look in other places, use
the PATHcommand
•PATH by itself lists the current list of places to look for
a program
•PATH= location; location; location; …will add locations

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Beyond A+

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Using Special Keys
•F1function key brings back the previous
command one letter at a time
•F3function key brings back the entire
command at once
•The DOSKEYcommand stores a list of all
previously typed commands and can be
accessed by using the up arrow key
–Type DOSKEY
–Windows XP/2000 automatically starts the program

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COMPACT Command
•COMPACT
–Displays or alters the compression state of files
–compact /c

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CIPHER Command
•CIPHER
–Displays or alters the encryption state of files
–/e specifies encryption operation
–/a says to apply it to the files as well as the
directory