Linux; Operating System

Definition of Linux and its different distributions including its code names.
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1. Group 3 PHISHING

2. Objective; (What to Know?)

3. What is Linux? Linux is a  Unix-like , open source and community-developed  operating system  for computers, servers, mainframes, mobile devices and embedded devices. It is supported on almost every major computer platform including x86, ARM and  SPARC, making it one of the most widely supported operating systems.

4. The Logo of the Linux > TUX is the penguin mascot for Linux > Created by Larry Ewing > Its name is said to be a portmanteau of T orvalds U ni X

5. Who is the Father of Linux? Linus Torvalds- While studying computer science at University of Helsinki, Linus Torvalds began a project that later became the Linux kernel. He wrote the program specifically for the hardware he was using and independent of an operating system because he wanted to use the functions of his new PC with an 80386 processor.

6. When it was Released? September 17, 1991 Latest Released; June 25, 2019 (5.1.15) Latest Preview; June 29, 2019 (5.2-rc7)

7. Others; License; GPLv2 with optional binary blobs Developer; Linus Torvalds and thousands of collaborators Written in; C, Assembly language

8. How is Linux operating system used ? Every version of the Linux operating system manages hardware resources, launches and handles applications, and provides some form of user interface. The enormous development community and wide range of distributions means that a Linux version is available for almost any task, and Linux has penetrated many areas of computing.

9. . For example, Linux has emerged as a popular operating system for web servers such as  Apache, as well as for network operations, scientific computing tasks that require huge compute clusters, running databases, desktop/endpoint computing and running mobile devices with OS versions like  Android.

10. Linux components The Linux operating system follows a modular design that is the key to its many variations and distributions. A  bootloader  is responsible for starting the Linux kernel. The kernel is at the core of the Linux system, handling network access, scheduling processes or applications, managing basic peripheral devices, and overseeing file system services.

11. . But it is really the many outside developers and GNU projects that offer high-level functions to the Linux kernel to provide a fully realized operating system. For example, there are modules to provide a command line interface, implement a  graphical user interface, manage security, offer video input or audio services and many others -- each of which can be modified and optimized to form unique distributions for specific tasks.

12. , Package manager software typically adds, updates or removes software components under the Linux operating system. Examples of package managers include dpkg , OpenPKG ,  RPM Package Manager and Zero Install.

13. Why Linux is Used? Linux  is the best-known and most- used  open source operating system. As an operating system,  Linux  is software that sits underneath all of the other software on a computer, receiving requests from those programs and relaying these requests to the computer's hardware.

14. The OS is comprised of a number of pieces:  There are 7

15. 1) Bootloader The software that manages the boot process of your computer. For most users, this will simply be a splash screen that pops up and eventually goes away to boot into the operating system.

16. 2)Kernel This is the one piece of the whole that is actually called “Linux”. The kernel is the core of the system and manages the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices. The kernel is the “lowest” level of the OS.

17. 3)Daemons These are background services (printing, sound, scheduling, etc ) that either start up during boot, or after you log into the desktop.

18. 4 )Graphical Server This is the sub-system that displays the graphics on your monitor. It is commonly referred to as the X server or just “X”.

19. 5 )Desktop Environment This is the piece of the puzzle that the users actually interact with. There are many desktop environments to choose from (Unity, GNOME, Cinnamon, Enlightenment, KDE, XFCE, etc ). Each desktop environment includes built-in applications (such as file managers, configuration tools, web browsers, games, etc ).

20. 6 )Shell You’ve probably heard mention of the Linux command line. This is the shell – a command process that allows you to control the computer via commands typed into a text interface. This is what, at one time, scared people away from Linux the most (assuming they had to learn a seemingly archaic command line structure to make Linux work). This is no longer the case. With modern desktop Linux, there is no need to ever touch the command line.

21. 7)Applications Desktop environments do not offer the full array of apps. Just like Windows and Mac, Linux offers thousands upon thousands of high-quality software titles that can be easily found and installed. Most modern Linux distributions (more on this in a moment) include App Store-like tools that centralize and simplify application installation. For example: Ubuntu Linux has the Ubuntu Software Center (Figure 1) which allows you to quickly search among the thousands of apps and install them from one centralized location. 

22. What are the benefits of Linux? The advantage over operating systems such as Windows is that  security  flaws are caught before they become an issue for the public. Because Linux does not dominate the market like Windows, there are some disadvantages to using the operating system. First, it's more difficult to find applications to support your needs.

23. Why Linux is important? Another advantage of  Linux  is that it can operate on a much wider range of hardware than most other operating systems. ... Microsoft Windows is still the most widely used family of computer operating systems. However,  Linux  offers also some  important advantages over them, and thus its worldwide growth rate is much faster.

24. Distributions Hundreds of different Linux versions, also known as DISTRIBUTIONS which is available today.

25. Different linux distributions AND ITS LOGO & OTHER DATA

26. Ubuntu First Released; October 20, 2004 Latest Released; April 18, 2019 Founder; Mike Shuttleworth > It was exposed in three editions: Desktop, Server and Core

27. . VERSION DATE RELEASED CODE NAMES 4.10 October 20, 2004 Warty Warthog 5.04 April 8,2005 Hoary Hedgehog 5.10 October 12, 2005 Breezy Badger 6.06 LTS June 1, 2006 Dapper Drake 6.10 October 26, 2006 Edgy Eft 7.04 April 19, 2007 Feisty Fawn 7.10 October 18, 2007 Gusty Gibbon 8.04 April 24, 2008 Hardy Heron 8.10 October 30, 2008 Intrepid Ibex

28. . Ubuntu releases are also given  code names, using an adjective and an animal with the same first letter - an alliteration (e.g. Dapper Drake). With the exception of the first two releases, code names are in alphabetical order, allowing a quick determination of which release is newer.

29. Arch Linux First Released; March 11, 2002 Latest Released; June 1, 2019 Founder; Aaron Griffin and Others > Arch Linux is composed of free, open-source and non free software ,  and supports community involvement .

30. Fedora First Released; November 6, 2003 Latest Released; April 29, 2019 Founder; Fedora Project (Sponsored by Red Hat) > Fedora contains software distributed under various  free and open source  licenses and aims to be on the leading edge of such technologies .  Fedora is the  upstream  source of the commercial  Red Hat Enterprise Linux  distribution .

31. . VERSION DATE RELEASED CODE NAMES Fedora Core 1 November 5 ,2003 Yarrow Fedora Core 2 May 18 ,2004 Tettnang Fedora Core 3 November 8 ,2004 Heidelberg Fedora Core 4 June 13 ,2005 Stentz Fedora Core 5 May 20 ,2006 Bordeaux Fedora Core 6 October 24 ,2006 Zod Fedora 7 May 31 ,2007 Moonshine Fedora 8 November 8 ,2007 Werewolf Fedora 9 May 13 ,2008 Sulphur

32. Kubuntu First Released; April 8, 2005 Latest Released; April 18, 2019 Founder; Community-Driven, previously B lue S ystems > Kubuntu " is a registered trademark held by Canonical .  It is derived from the name  Ubuntu, prefixing a K to represent the  KDE Platform Kubuntu is built upon

33. Bodhi Linux First Released; March 26, 2011 Latest Released; August 22, 2018 Founder; Bodhi Linux Team > Bodhi Linux  is a  lightweight Linux distribution  based on  Ubuntu  that uses the Moksha window manager

34. Deepin First Released; February 28, 2004 Latest Released; July 5, 2019 Founder; Wuhan Deepin Technology Co, Ltd. >   is an open source  operating system  based on  Debian's stable branch. It features DDE, the Deepin Desktop Environment, built on Qt.

35. Mageia First Released; June 1, 2011 Latest Released; July 1, 2019 Founder;   group of former employees of  Mandriva S.A. .  and several other developers and users and supporters of the Mandriva community. > Mageia can use all major desktop environments. As was the case with Mandrake and Mandriva Linux, KDE is the main and the most used environment . It uses Mageia Control Center.

36. Mandriva Linux First Released; July 23, 1998 Latest Released; August 28, 2011 Founder; Mandriva > Mandriva Linux  (a fusion of the French distribution  Mandrakelinux  or  Mandrake Linux  and the Brazilian distribution  Conectiva Linux ) was a Linux distribution by  Mandriva .

37. Budgie First Released ; December 7, 2013 Latest Released; April 18, 2019 Founder; Ikey Doherty, Joshua Strobl and Solus Project team > Budgie desktop tightly integrates with the GNOME stack, employing underlying technologies to offer an alternative desktop experience. Budgie applications generally use GTK and header bars similar to GNOME applications. Budgie builds what is effectively a Favorites list automatically as the user works, moving categories and applications toward the top of menus when they are used.

38. Sabayon Linux First Released; November 28, 2005 Latest Released; March 31, 2019 Founder; Fabio Erculiani and Team > Sabayon Linux  or  Sabayon  (formerly  RR4 Linux  and  RR64 Linux ), is a Gentoo-based Italian Linux distribution created by Fabio Erculiani and the Sabayon development team. Sabayon follows the "out of the box" philosophy, aiming to give the user a wide number of applications ready to use and a self-configured operating system.

39. Ubuntu Mate First Released; October 3, 2014 Latest Released; April 18, 2019 Founder; Ubuntu MATE team > Ubuntu MATE  is a  free and open-source Linux Distributions  and an official  derivative  of  Ubuntu. Its main differentiation from Ubuntu is that it uses the  MATE  desktop environment as its default  user interface  (based on a fork of  GNOME 2), instead of the  GNOME 3  desktop environment that is the default user interface for Ubuntu.

40. Scientific Linux First Released ; May 10, 2004 Latest Released ; December 3, 2018 Founder ; Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory ( FermiLab )/ European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) > Scientific Linux  ( SL ) is a Linux distribution produced by  Fermilab , CERN, DESY and by  ETH Zurich. It is a free and open-source  operating system based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux.

41. Linux Mint First Released; August 27, 2006 Latest Released; December 19, 2018 Founder; Clément Lefèbvre , Jamie Boo Birse , Kendall Weaver, and community > Linux Mint  is a community-driven Linux distribution based on Ubuntu that strives to be a "modern, elegant and comfortable operating system which is both powerful and easy to use.

42. . VERSION DATE RELEASED CODE NAMES Linux Mint 1 August 27, 2006 Ada Linux Mint 2 November 14, 2006 Barbara Linux Mint 2.1 December 20, 2006 Bea Linux Mint 2.2 February 21, 2007 Bianca Linux Mint 3 May 30, 2007 Cassandra Linux Mint 3.1 September 24, 2007 Celena Linux Mint 4 November 15, 2007 Daryna Linux Mint 5 June 8, 2008 Elyssa Linux Mint 6 December 15, 2008 Felicia

43. . One more interesting thing about  Linux Mint codenames is that these female names ending with alphabet ‘a’ and the names have origin in the mythology of Abrahamic religion . 

44. Debian First Released ; September 1993 (No E xact Date) Latest Released ; July 6, 2019 Founder ; The Debian Project > Debian is one of the earliest operating systems based on the Linux kernel. The project is coordinated over the Internet by a team of volunteers guided by the  Debian Project Leader and three foundational documents: the  Debian Social Contract, the Debian Constitution, and the  Debian Free Software Guidelines.

45. . VERSION DATE RELEASED CODE NAMES 1.1 June 17, 1996 Buzz 1.2 December 12, 1996 Rex 1.3 July 2, 1997 Bo 2 July 24, 1998 Hamm 2.1 March 9, 1999 Slink 2.2 August 15, 2000 Potato 3 July 19, 2002 Woody 3.1 June 6, 2005 Sarge 4 April 8, 2007 Etch

46. . Debian version numbers are incremental. That’s not the interesting part. The interesting fact is that all Debian releases are codenamed after the characters of the Toy Story movie . And if you have watched the first Toy Story movie, you might remember the villain of the movie Sid. This neighborhood kid is a destroyer of toys. This is why all Debian unstable releases are codenamed  Debian Sid .

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