Liquid organic manures

organic farming

1. Liquid organic manures and organic residues

2. Liquid organic manures are products obtained from the fermentation and/or decomposition of organic matter such as crop residues, animal dung, urine and other plant material. Liquid organic manures provide nutrients for the plants and can work as a pest control. Under aerable production systems, organic manures suffers from the drawback of slow release of nutrients, which may cause significant reduction in crop yield and net farm income. This could be overcome by use of judicious combination of organic manures. Combined application of green manures, crop residues and composts along with liquid manures mainly bio-digester, panchagavya , beejamrut , jeevamrut , Biogas spent slurry and vermiwash etc., in a more synchronized system can release the nutrients as per the need of crop to sustain higher productivity ( Kamal Kanwar et al., 2006). Liquid organic manures

3. Advantages: • Readily availability nutrients as per the crop need Increases the water holding capacity of the soil • Reduction in cost of cultivation • Induces drought and pest and disease resistant in crops. • Improves the beneficial micro organism populations in the soil This technology takes care of the sustainable soil fertility over a period of time in an eco-friendly manner. The technology would help the farmers in terms of reducing the external input purchase and improves the soil ecosystem Soil application of organic manures alone cannot fulfill the nutrient requirement of crops so, for additional supply of nutrients. There is a need to develop enriched liquid organic manure which can supply adequate nutrients as well as have insecticidal/ fungicidal property.

4. Jeevamrutha is a plant growth promoting substance containing beneficial micro organisms which promotes growth and yield of crop. Microorganisms are well activated in the soil by the addition of jeevamrutha . The microorganisms such as nitrogen fixer, Azotobacter , Azospirillum and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescence and potash solubilizing bacteria like Bacillus silicus are present in the cow dung that is used to prepare jeevamrutha ( Ramprasad et al., 2009). Jeevamrutha

5. Procedure for Preparation Jeevamruth is liquid organic manure and used as a nutrient source. Jeevamruth is prepared by using 10 kg dung, 10 lit cow urine , 2 kg jaggery , 2 kg pulse flour and 1 kg of garden soil mixed thoroughly in 200 l of water taken in a drum or any container. The mixture is thoroughly stirred for a week twice daily and used. This is applied @ 500 l/ ha to a soil before sowing and can also be applied as liquid manure to the soil along with irrigation water with interval of 15 days Jeevamruth

6. Panchagavya is an organic product produced by using five different by-products of cow like cow dung, cow urine, cow milk, cow ghee, cow curd and other ingredients. It has the potential to play the role of promoting growth and providing immunity in plant system thereby confers resistance against pest and diseases. Panchagavya contains several nutrients i.e. macronutrients like N, P, K and micronutrients which are required for the growth and development of plants and also contains various amino acids, vitamins, growth regulators like Auxins , Gibberellins and also beneficial micro organisms like pseudomonas, azatobacter and phosphor bacteria etc. Panchagavya

7. Panchagavya Procedure for Preparation Panchagavya is prepared by using 7 kg fresh cow dung and 1 kg ghee mixed thoroughly and kept for 2 days . It has to be thoroughly mixed daily thrice. After 2 days, add 4 liter cow urine + 10 liter water and is fermented for 10 days by stirring daily twice. Then add 2 liter of cow milk , 2 liter of curds, 3 liter of sugarcane juice or 250 g jaggary , 2 liter of coconut water, and 12 No’s ripened banana and the mixture is allowed to ferment for 15 days. Stir the content daily at least 2-3 times. The solution is filtered and used as a spray at the rate of 3% It is used as a plant growth promoter for various crops and sprayed at the time of flowering and 15 days after first spraying It has all essential nutrients, harmones and growth promoting substances. In addition to this, it improves the pest and disease resistance in crops.

8. Beneficial Effects of Panchagavya Panchagavya is a component of crop production and it plays a crucial role in each and every component of crop management like integrated soil fertility management, integrated pest management, integrated disease management. Effect of panchagavya on plants Plants sprayed with Panchagavya habitually produce bigger leaves and develop denser canopy. Branching is relatively high. The rooting is prolific and intense. The roots spread and grow into deeper layers were also observed. Effect of panchagavya on soil fertility Panchagavya improves fertility status in soils by increasing macronutrients, micronutrients and beneficial microorganisms thus increase soil health. It improves water holding capacity of soils because it acts as a organic manure. It encourages growth and reproduction of beneficial soil microorganisms It increases nutrient uptake in plants and enhances plant growth.

9. Effect of panchagavya on pest and diseases It increases immunity power in plants thereby confers resistance against pest and diseases various beneficial metabolites produced by microorganisms such as organic acids, hydrogen peroxide and antibiotics, which are effective against various pathogenic microorganisms Effect of panchagavya in different crops Paaddy Increases tillering Absence of chaffy grains Grain weight is increases by 20% Improved cooking quality Harvest is advanced by 15 days Reduced percentage of broken rice during milling

10. Maize, Sorghum, Barley Increased plant growth Increased palatability Increases nutrients in plants Harvest is advanced by 10 days Brinjal Greeny and healthy plants Attractive fruits Resistance against Leucinodes arbonalis (Shoot and Fruit Borer) and sucking pests Increased fruit size and keeping quality Other vegetables Increase in yield Extended shelf life Vegetables with shiny skin Mango Breaks alternate bearing and continues to fruit regularly Enhanced keeping quality by 12 days in room temperature Improved flavour and aroma Induces more female flower development

11. Dosage of Panchagavya recommended for field application Spray system: 3% solution is effective. 3 litres of Panchagavya mixed with every 100 litres of water is suitable for all crops. Flow system: The solution of Panchagavya can be mixed with irrigation water at 48-52 litres per hectare either through drip irrigation or flow irrigation. Seed/seedling treatment: 3% solution of Panchagavya can be used to soak the seeds or dip the seedlings before planting. Soaking the seeds or dipping the seedlings for 30 minutes is feasible.

12. General Advantages of Panchagavya It improves soil health and fertility It is used against pest and diseases It increases yield and quality of produce No chemicals are used Eco-friendly approach Cost required for preparation is less No special techniques is required It gives multiple uses Reduces cost of cultivation by reducing chemicals like fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, growth regulators etc Farmer friendly method

13. Bio-digester Procedure for Preparation The bio-digester liquid can be used as a botanical pesticide and liquid manure. The bio-digester of 16 feet length 10 feet width and 6 feet height is constructed and the dung, urine, organic wastes and botanical plants, mainly neem , calotropis , vitex , lantana, adothoda , ipomea , custard apple, agave etc., are added to the bio-digester containing urine, dung and little quantity of soil is added to the bio-digester and let water to the tank. The organic matter decompose and digested liquid manure is ready in 3-4 weeks. It is regularly added to the soil along with water at the rate 200 liter per hectare. It can also be used as a spray @ 10 per cent It contains nutrients, botanical plant extracts and growth promoting substances which helps to manage pest and diseases and provide nutrients to the plants.

14. Beejamrutha , a mix of cow dung, cow urine, water, lime and a handful of soil, a totally organic product helpful for the plant growth and protects the crop from harmful soil-borne and seed-borne pathogens . Smearing the seeds with beejamrutha before sowing control many diseases that attack the plant right from its seedling stage. At times, saplings are dipped in the beejamrutha before being transplanted. Presence of naturally occurring beneficial microorganisms predominantly bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes , photosynthetic bacteria and certain fungi were detected in cowdung ( Swaminathan , 2005) which is one component of beejamrutha . Beejamrutha

15. Beejamrutha contains not only general microflora , but also certain beneficial biochemical groups such as free living N2 -fixers, P- solubilizers and bacteria producing plant growth promoting substances. Presence of such beneficial microbial biomass and nutrient status might have resulted in improved seed germination, seedling length and seed vigour in crops indicating beejamrutha as an efficient plant growth stimulant.

16. Beejamruth Procedure for Preparation Take 5 kg cowdung and tie it in a cloth. The cowdung is hanged in a bucket containing 50 l of water over night. Next day morning the tied dung is frequently squeezed and dipped in the water. To this dung solution add 5 l cow urine and 50 g calcium chloride solution prepared separately in 5 liter of water. Dip the seeds / seedlings in this solution for 1 min and shade dried before sowing .

17. Biogas spent slurry: It is anaerobically stabilized material rich in nutrients as compared to aerobically digested slurry. The nutritive value of dung can be enhanced by slurry. Recycling of cowdung also lead to the production of 730 m 2 of biogas with the possibly enhancing the nutrient value of NPK to the tune of 44.5 kg, 65.9 kg and 28 kg respectively from 11.0 t of dung on dry weight basis produced from a animal unit (5 No’s) in a year.

18. Vermiwash A liquid nutrient/ plant growth promoting substance obtained while vermiculturing / vermicomposting . It contains major nutrients, minor elements, PGR’s, antibiotics, microflora and others. It is extracted at advanced stage of Vermicomposting by sprinkling water in vermitanks . Verminwash extraction methods Vermiwash is wash of worms, extract of vermicompost and have nutritional values (contains growth promoting substances viz., G.A., IAA, butaric acid) it is having beneficial microbes. It can be sprayed or directly applied to base of plant

19. Factors Determining quality of vermiwash Type of substrate used, Duration of vermicomposting , Population density of worms and storage of wash are known to determine the nutritive quality of vermiwash Use in crops : vermiwash is used as, foliar spray Crops : Agri., Horti , Agro-Forestry, Nurseries Amount of Dilution : Varies. 1:1 to 1:3 is desired Freq. of Application : Varies but at critical stages of crop growth is desired. Benefits : Foliar Nutrition with make plant pest and disease tolerance, better reproductive growth, quality enhancement and higher market price.

20. Particulars Panchagavya Vermiwash (VW) Total N (%) 0.04 0.02 Total P (%) 0.02 0.01 Total K (%) 0.03 0.02 Organic carbon (%) 0.75 0.41 Nutrient composition of, panchagavya (PG) and vermiwash (VW)

21. Ingredients: Fresh green biomass : 30 kg Cow dung : 15 kg Cow urine : 20 l Water : 100 l Procedure of preparation of biodigested liquid organic manure The bio-digested liquid manure was prepared in a 200 l cement tank by adding 15 kg cow dung, 20 l cow urine, 30 kg of glyricidia green biomass and the volume was made upto 100 l with water by continuous stirring. The liquid manure was incubated for a period of 45 days and then applied to soil Bio digested liquid manure (BDLM)

22. Animal wastes 2018 mt Crop residue 407 mt Municipal wastes 29 mt Rice husk 15 mt Rice bran 2.5 mt Bagasse 5.3 mt Press mud 2.0 mt Saw dust 2.2 mt Plant biomass 700 mt Animal excreta including humans. 2000 mt The important organic wastes potential in India:

23. Nutrient status of organic manures Sr. No. Sources Percent Nutrient N P 2 O 5 K 2 O 1. Cattle dung 0.3-0.4 0.10-0.15 0.15-0.20 2. Cattle urine 0.80 0.01-0.02 0.5-0.7 3. Sheep dung 0.65 0.50 0.03 4. Night soil 1.2-1.5 0.80 0.50 5. Human urine 1.0-1.2 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.3 6. FYM 0.5-1.0 0.15-0.20 0.5-0.6 7. Poultry manure 2.87 2.00 2.35 8. Vermicompost 1.20-1.16 1.8-2.0 0.5-0.75 9. Rural compost 0.5-1.0 0.20 0.30 10. Castor cake 5.5-5.8 1.80 1.00 11. Groundnut cake 4.50 1.70 1.50 12. Rapeseed cake 5.10 1.80 1.00 13. Linseed cake 5.50 1.40 1.20 14. Safflower cake 4.80 1.40 1.20 15. Blood meal 1.12 1.20 1.00 16. Horn and hoofs meal 1.30 0.30-1.5 - 17. Fish meal 1-10 3-9 1.5

24. Livestock and human wastes: Crop residue 3. Green manure 4. Urban and rural wastes Farm residues Fishery and marine industry Tank silts Livestock and human wastes: a ) Sheep and goat manure : 3% N, 1 P2O5 and 2% K2O b) Poultry manure : 3.03% N, 2.63% P2O5 and 1.4% K2O c) Blood meal : 10 to 12 % N, 1 to 2% P2O5 and 1% K2O d) Fish manure : 4 to 10% N, 3 to 9% P2O5 and 0.3 to 1.5% K2O e) Bone meal : 4% N, 20% P2O5 (raw bone mean), 1 to 2% N, 22 to 24% P2O5 (steamed bone meal) Classification of organic residues (sources of organic residues ) Human excreta Night soil: 5.5% N, 4% P 2 O 5 and 2% K 2 O 2. Crop residue Cereal straw and residues : 0.5% N, 0.6% P 2 O 5 and 1.5% K 2 O Availability of crop residues : Rice (118.9 mt ), wheat (57.5 mt ), maize (21.0 mt ), millets (40.0 mt ), sorghum (41.0 mt ) and sugarcane (43.0 mt ). Cotton : Stalks, leaves, flowers, roots and bark, stems, press wood, cotton dust. Tobacco : Leaf scrap, stalks Rice milling : Rice bran, rice husk, straw Sugarcane : Trash, bagasse , molasses, pressmud (1-1.5% N, 4-5% P2O5 and 2-7% K2O – pressmud ) Cereals : Leaves, stalks, etc. Weeds : Water hyacinth, Ipomoea, lantana, cassia, etc.

25. 3. Green manure 4. Urban and rural wastes 5. Farm residues Fruit and vegetable wastes Mango (peels and kernel), pineapple (peels, cores, trimmings), citrus fruits (peels, pomace , cull fruits and seeds), guava (peels, pomace and seeds), peach (peels and cores), plum (stone), grape (stalks, pomace , seed, and rottens ), banana (peels), tomato (seeds and pomace ), potato (peels, rottons from cold storage), mushroom (stalks, cuttings, trimmings) Plantation industry Coconut (coir dust), arecanut (husk, leaf sheath and leaves), cashewnuts (cashew apple, testa , shell liquid), tea (tea wastes), coffee (husk or pulpy mass), rubber (rubber sticks, leaves, mill wastes). Oil seed industry: Ground nut is important crop followed by rape seed and mustard, sesamum , linseed and castor. Oil seeds- ( i ) Edible. E.g. Groundnut, safflower, sesamum , cotton, coconut, (ii) Non-edible: E.g. pongamia , mahua and neem cake. Non-edible cakes are used as manures especially for horticultural crops. Nutrients present in cakes are made available to crops 7 to 10 days after application.

26. Sugar milling industry Bagasse : it is used in producing pulp, paper board, etc., a portion of bagasse could be utilised as both for fuel and manure if it is processed through biogas plants. 0.25% N, 0.12% P2O5, after composting: 1.4% N, 0.4% P2O5. Pressmud : 1.25% N, 2% P2O5 and 20-25% organic matter. After composting: 1.4% N and 1.0-1.5% P2O5. It is very high in lime (45%). It is good to apply in acidic soil. Sawdust : It is wide in C/N ratio (400 : 1). It absorbs 2-4 times more moisture than straw / cereal residues. It can be used as a good absorbatn for soaking urine in cattle sheds and bedding materials for cattle. Can be used as mulching material. 6. Fishery and marine industry Sea food and canning industry is an important industry. Prawn shell and head fish and frog legs are the main byproducts of this industry (4 to 10% N, 3 to 9% P2O5 and 0.3 to 0.5% K2O). Marine algae and sea weeds: 1 to 2% P2O5 and 2 to 7% K2O and a number of trace elements. 7. Tank silts: It consists of a large proportion of finer soil particles of silt and clay and organic matter carried by run-off water from the surrounding soil to the tanks during heavy rains. It contains 0.3% N, 0.3% P2O5 and p.3% K2O. It is an active culture of microorganisms, especially the N-fixers.

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