Liquid waste

liquid waste in DPSIR model

1. LIQUID WASTE Prepared by: Neelam suwal

2. CONTENT Introduction :Types of liquid waste Types of liquid waste Driver Pressure State Impact Response Conclusion

3. Introduction Liquid waste is any form of liquid residue that is hazardous or potentially harmful to human health. Liquid waste can be defined as such liquid as wastewater, fats, oil or gases or sludge and hazardous household liquid. Some e.g of liquid waste source: Domestic washing ;chemicals; oils; waste water from ponds , manufacturing industries.

4. Types of Liquid Waste Domestic sewage: grey water ( from bathroom, kitchen laundry);black water(urine, faeces) Industrial waste water Sullage : wastewater without human excreta Strom water : water from commercial establishment and institution including hospital, agricultural ,horticulture and aquaculture effluent either dissolved or as suspended matter.

5. DPSIR model framework PRESSURE Agriculture runoff Industries Use of chemical Change in consumption pattern Waste generation. IMPACT Creation of nauisance Breeding site Surface water pollution Soil contamination Air pollution, GHG Disease ,AMR Eutrophication RESPONSE Different government policy Wastewater treatment plants. DRIVER Policy implication Population growth Land use change Urbanization Lack of public awareness Budgetary constraint Natural cause. STATE Eutrophication.

6. DRIVER Driver are the factor that motivate human activites and fulfill basic needs which have been consistently identified as the necessary condition and materials for the good life, good health, good social relation, security, and freedom. The DRIVERS can be categorized into: Policy Implication: Lack of policy implication drives the irregular the irregular management of produced waste and also leads to spread of contamination at resource level.

7. CONTD… Population Growth: Increase in population size accelerate the waste generation quantity and also put operation constraint resulting in production of poor quality effulents . Land use chance : The increase in land use area in term of residence, cultivation, and barren area cause increase in generation of wastewater and decrease in water quality.

8. CONTD… Urbanization: the process whereby population move from rural to urban area enabling cities and town to grow because if which it is common to find an inadequate sewerage facilities . As a result sanitation becomes poor and sewerage flow chaotically and they re drained into neighbouring streams, river, or lakes. Lack of public awareness: regarding waste generation and its effect on human health and sustainability along with waste minimization.

9. Budgetary constraint: are often felt in developing countries where resource are limited and distribution of these limited funds are mismanaged. Many municipality are struggling to achieve acceptable quality and coverage of services due to financial constraint. Natural cause: rainy season, and natural calamities such flood, landslide, earthquake can mess with the existing liquid waste treatments plants and quantified the amount of waste further.

10. PRESSURE Pressure are the human activities derived from the functioning of drivers that induce change in environment or human behaviours . PRESSURE in regard to liquid waste includes: Agriculture runoff : use of inorganic fertilizer and other agriculture chemical. Industries : industries producing significant amount of wastewater in country includes carpet , brewery and distilleries , cement ,cigarrette and tobacoo, steel and iron , soap and chemical solvent, sugar, leather tanning.

11. CONTD.. Industrial discharge without pretreatment contribute the detrimental effects on water quality and also on the public health and environmental health. Use of chemical : wide use of chemical product ranging from shampoo to soap and detergent to household cleaners also pollute the water source which are not easily degraded even under optimal water quality condition.

12. CONTD.. Change in consumption pattern : lifestyle change and change in consumption pattern has changed the waste volume and waste characteristic or composition.it is belived that maximum of water is wasted these day just to flush a toilet. Waste generation : wastewater composition will vary greatly from different sector, the process undertaken such as: in cannaries : wastewater will contain organic solids primarily from washing raw material such as tomatoes, cleaning equipment spillage, and from floor washing.

13. CONTD.. In meat packaging: liquid waste source includes faeces, urine, blood, and waste that have been used for washing floor and surfaces. The pollutant in wastewater are organic and can decompose rapidly generating unpleasent odour. If discharged to water cause enviromental pollution.

14. STATE Man has always generated waste which are either bye-product of his activities, for which he could not find any use , or product which have reached the end of useful life. Although this was going on throughout the ages, it was not a problem until recent times because nature’s own waste treatment processes like dispersion, dilution, and degradation, which took care of these problems, are no longer able to handle the waste due to increase in quantity and also level of intoxication of the waste that nature has been receiving from man.

15. CONTD.. The waste problem is due to both quantitative and qualitative nature of waste we are producing. The natural degradation processes are slow and can take care of limited amounts and specific kinds of waste. WH projection globally almost 70% wastewater from household and factories is discharged directly to natural waste resources or used by the people without being treated.

16. CONTD.. Eutrophication: Ever heard the phrase ‘too much of a good thing?’ Eutrophication is good example of it. It is excessive richness of nutrient in a lake or other water bodies frequently due to run-off from land which cause a dense growth of plant life( algal blooms). Thus preventing the aquatic plant from photosynthesizing, a process which provide oxygen in the water to animal that need it like fish and crabs.

17. CONTD.. The international lake environment (ILEC) in co-operation with united nation environment programme (UNEP) under took a project entitled “survey of the state of the world lake”. This aimed to collect and compile environment data on many important lakes of world sets of detailed data from 217 lake world wide were gather as a result of this project. Through this project it was possible to identify 6 major environment problems, all having a significant impact on water quality , 2nd_eutrophication being one of them.

18. CONTD.. The quantity of liquid waste generated in the rural area is estimated to 15000 to 18000 million liters of grey water each day.(DDWS-UNICEF,2008). Although the quantity is still relatively low compared with urban areas.

19. CONTD.. Water has become scarce as demand exceed supply. Lack of operation wastewater system facilities has converted the holy Bagamati river into a highly polluted water course.

20. IMPACTS Change in the quality and functioning of the ecosystem have an impact on the welfare of human, including the production of ecosystem goods and service and ultimately ,human well being. Creation of nuisances unsightliness, unpleasant odour. Breeding site of flies and mosquito. Surface water pollution : liquid waste has the ability to alter water’s chemical composition. It can happen slowly- i.e. a slow leak at chemicals processing plant or all at once from a large scale oil spill. In turn drinking water can be contaminated and aquatic ecosystem can be disrupted.

21. CONTD.. Soil contamination : liquid waste can quickly penerate soil seeping deep into the earth. This pollution can cause harm to plants growing in the soil as well as to animal or people who consume foods that were created in the contaminated soil. Air pollution : although air pollution is more commonly associated with dust, gas and fine particle contamination ; liquid waste can also impact air quality . For examples: foul smell are common with liquid waste pollution, particularly with sewerage system.

22. In absence of proper disposal of liquid waste and solid waste they leads to the vector borne disease such as diarrhea, malaria, polio, dengue, cholera, typhoid and other water borne infection such as schistosomiasis. According to WH projection , Release of such polluted water to environment , not only increase infection and disease, but also increase antimicrobial resistance where pathogen in the enviroment can become resistance to antibiotic residue .

23. CONTD.. Greenhouse gases : fumes exuded by poorly handled liquid waste contribute to generation greenhouse gases . As these gases rise, they trap heat in the atmosphere causing extreme weather secnarious such as typhoons , stroms, and heatwave or acid rains. The resultant global warming is major contributor to climate change. Economic consequence : apart from environmental and health impact , poor liquid waste management can leads to serious economic impacts. Such as the cost of cleaning up the liquid waste mess can be felt in terms of fines and taxes leived on business that dispose off liquid waste inappropriate.

24. RESPONSE Response are the action that can be taken at any level of the causal network to change in the state of the environment , and to modify human behaviour that contribute to health risk ,to directly modify health through medicals treatment or compensate for social or economic impact of human condition on human well being . Nepal signed up to UN’s sustinable development goal which calls for safely managed sanitation services halving the proportion of untreated wastewater ,substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse by 2030.

25. CONTD.. The modernization in water supply and sanitation infrastructure in country began only after 1972 under the support of World bank focused essentially to improvement in urban water supply and wastewater service in kathmandu valley. This effort led to formation of WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION BOARD in 1989 and named NEPAL WATER SUPPLY CORPORATION and entrusted with the responsibilty of organizing, maintaining and managing water supply and wastewater service. In 2008 the responsibility of operation and management of water service in kathmandu valley was transferred to kathmandu upatyaka khanepani limited (KUKL) under public private patnership

26. CONTD.. At present the utility under KUKL is estimated to serving 78% of population in kathmandu valley. (ADB & GON 2010) As Nepal marks National sanitation action week it is time for stock taking. The statistics are dramatic: in1990 only 6% Household had toilet and that the figure had risen to 95% today. The number went up sharply after the sanitation and hygiene master plan 2011 was implemented.

27. CONTD.. Kathmandu valley wastewater management project: This project will invest in rehabilitations and expansion of sewerage network, modernization, and new construction of wastewater treatment plants and improvement of wastewater management in kathmandu valley. Along with an energy generation of approximately 910 KW through sludge digestion and\or gasification. A huge common waste water treatment plant constructed at the Hetauda industrial district with the financial and technical assistance of government of Denmark for the treatments of effulent of industries operating inside the district and to save karra river from being polluted

28. CONTD.. The plant was constructed at the cost of NRP 570 million and it is being operated for more than 5 years with joint funding. The Baghmati clean up camping marked 5 years recently. Every Saturday morning hundreds of volunteers wade into the river fetid’s banks to remove tons of trash.

29. CONTD.. Recently an expert group from 30 countries were in kathmandu to discuss and finalize ISO standard for non sewered sanitation system which would include treatment of faeceal sludge. Also the group focuses the federal and local government needs to look beyond toilets to establish appropriate system for collection , treatment and reuse of fecal sludge through patnership with private sector which is already engaged in the business.

30. CONTD.. A Technical Working Group (TWG) has been formed under the leadership of Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management (DWSSM) including important stakeholder like Ministry Of Forest And Environment , Ministry Of Water supply , Nepal Bureau Of Standard and Metrology , Academia , Local bodies and UN organization to advise on effluent standard –standard to which wastewater must be treated to maintain acceptable quality for Nepal.

31. CONTD.. Due to failure of large treatment plants, small and decentralized treatment system such as wetland are in high demand. Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) introduced the use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatments in Nepal as an alternative to convectional wastewater treatment technologies to produce a sustainable and feasible wastewater treatment system based on the natural ecosystem. such wetlands is widely used in and around Kathmandu and one in pokhara sub-metropolitan city’s system which is under construction .

32. CONTD.. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation sector strategy Sector 2004 is based on national commitment of total water supply and sanitation coverage in the country as envisaged in the MDG. Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Policy 2009 envisions improvement in the water service delivery in urban areas including improvement in the wastewater system and services, promotion of public private partnership in the development of infrastructure and service and enforcement of national guideline for safe disposal and use of wastewater. National Guideline for Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion 2005 increase water supply and sanitation coverage .

33. CONTD.. Government of Nepal is currently drafting a policy on wastewater management to develop policy guideline for planning , development, financing and delineation of role and responsibilities of different stakeholder in wastewater treatment. This policy restrict disposal of waste water into nature or open space without treatment to a safer level. National Urban Policy 2007 emphasize development of the capacity of Municipalities to plan and manage integrated local development activities , including the preparation of urban master plans in coordination with the central authorities.

34. CONTD.. National Wetlands Policy Act 2003 sets the legal provision for the conservation and management of wetlands. A recent study by the GLOBAL SANITATION FUND PROGRAMME in Nepal showed that 3% of household in communities declared OPEN DEFECATION FREE. Nepal goal for 100% household to have latrines by end 2018 . But only 22 out of 75 district including kathmandu are still not open defecation free. Waste water treatment state : At present there are only 3 effluent treatment facilities in Nepal . i.e. in pokhara, gulariya, and mahalaxmi municipality east of lalitpur.

35. CONTD.. Kathmandu valley currently has 5 municipal wastewater treatment plants: An activated sludge plant at Guheshwori Non areated lagoons at kodku and dhobighat Areated lagoons at sallaghari and Hanumanghat . Of 5 the only wastewater treatment plant in operation as of Jan 2003 is the activated sludge system at Guheshwori. Kodku wastewater treatment plant lies along the Bagmati river with a design capacity of 1.1 MLD (ADB 2000) . Stated as ‘partially operational’ as the effluent discharged into the Bagmati river was bubbling and smelled just like that of sewer water

36. WWTP

37. CONTD.. Dhobighat WWTP at sundarighat was built with a capacity of 15.4 MLD ( ADB 2000). The pump main and the interceptors along the Bagmati river are all broken , so untreated wastewater drains directly into river . – not operating. Sallaghari and hanumanghat WWTP both lie along the hanumanghat river in Bhaktapur was built with a capacity of 2.0 and 0.5 MLD respectively (2000ADB) Report describe both plants as partially operating and in need of rehabilitations.

38. Sustainable development agenda The objectives by 2017 include promotion of a reduction in waste volume , as well as increased reuse and recycling. Only non-recyclable waste is to disposed in environmentally sound sanitary ,landfills.

39. Nepal water supply corporation Act 2046 Nepal water supply corporation for providing clean drinking water regular and making proper arrangements of the system of sewages in such area as may be specified by the government of Nepal. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT. Waste management activities to be undertaken with the objective of providing services to a population ranging between two thousand and ten thousand . Operation of sewage scheme.

40. Waste Avoidance and Resource Recovery Act 2001 This Act promotes waste avoidance and resource recovery to achieve continual reduction in waste generation. The act provides for the development a state-wide waste stratgey and introduces a scheme to promote extended producer responsibility for the life –cycle of a product.

41. conclusion REUSE of WASTEWATER A Boon Not Realized. If the Asian Development Bank-supported Kathmandu Valley Wastewater Management Project (KVWMP) gets implemented in time , over 5 million people of Kathmandu will heaven a sigh relief to see the upgrading of sewer network and maintenance of existing wastewater treatment plants.