Literature Search for research work in Science and Pharmacy.pptx

How to do and why to do Literature Search for research work in Science and Pharmacy. Authentic and important data bases for literature search . Pubmed, Scopus, Google scholar, orange book, patents, embase, scifinder

1. Literature Search – Possible ways of getting oneself abreast of current literature By- Dr. Meera C. Singh( M.Pharm . Ph.D ) Professor in Pharmaceutics Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 1

2. WHY LITERATURE SURVEY IS IMPORTANT IN RESEARCH AND HOW IT IS DONE   A literature survey, also known as a literature review, is a critical component of research. It involves reviewing and analyzing existing literature, research studies, and scholarly works relevant to the research topic. Why a literature survey is important in research: 1 . Contextualizing the Research: A literature survey provides context for your research by outlining the existing knowledge, theories, and concepts related to your topic. It helps you understand where your research fits within the broader academic landscape. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 2

3. Why a literature survey is important in research: cont - 2. Identifying Gaps and Research Questions: By reviewing existing literature, you can identify gaps in the current understanding of the topic. These gaps can lead to the formulation of research questions or hypotheses that address areas that have not been adequately explored. 3. Building a Theoretical Framework: A literature survey helps you build a theoretical framework that underpins your research. It provides you with a foundation of established theories, models, and concepts that you can use to guide your study. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 3

4. Why a literature survey is important in research: cont - 4. Avoiding Redundancy: By understanding what has already been done, you can avoid duplicating research efforts. This prevents redundancy and ensures that your research contributes something new to the field. 5. Selecting Research Methods: Reviewing literature can help you determine the most suitable research methods for your study. You can learn from the methods used in previous studies and adapt or refine them for your own research. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 4

5. Why a literature survey is important in research: cont - 6. Identifying Key Concepts and Keywords: A literature survey helps you identify key concepts and keywords related to your topic. These are crucial for conducting effective literature searches and finding relevant sources. 7. Evaluating and Critiquing Previous Research: By reviewing existing studies, you can assess their strengths, weaknesses, methodologies, and findings. This enables you to critically evaluate the quality of prior research. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 5

6. Why a literature survey is important in research: cont - 8. Supporting Your Hypotheses or Arguments: Existing research can provide evidence that supports or challenges your hypotheses or arguments. Incorporating relevant findings from the literature strengthens the credibility of your research. 9. Informing Data Collection and Analysis: A literature survey guides your data collection and analysis by highlighting common methods, approaches, and best practices used in previous studies. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 6

7. Why a literature survey is important in research: cont - 10. Enhancing Credibility and Rigor: Referencing established research in your literature review enhances the credibility and rigor of your study. It demonstrates that your research is grounded in existing scholarship. 11. Synthesizing Information : A literature survey allows you to synthesize information from multiple sources, showing trends, patterns, and contradictions in the literature. This can lead to new insights and perspectives. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 7

8. Why a literature survey is important in research: cont - 12. Demonstrating Scholarly Engagement: A comprehensive literature survey demonstrates your engagement with the scholarly community. It shows that you have taken the time to understand and contribute to the ongoing discourse in your field . A literature survey helps you position your research within the larger academic conversation, informs your research design, strengthens your arguments, and ensures that your work is relevant, credible, and impactful. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 8

9. Steps for Conducting a Literature Search Define Your Research Question : Clearly articulate the research question or objective to guide your search. Identify Keywords : List down the main concepts and keywords related to your research question. Include synonyms and related terms to broaden your search. Choose Databases and Search Engines : Academic Databases : Use databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. University Libraries : Access databases and resources provided by your institution's library. Specialized Databases : For specific fields, use specialized databases like SciFinder , a database provided by the American Chemical Society (ACS ) Excerpta Medica's EMbase is another valuable resource, as it provides comprehensive coverage of biomedical literature,  Some databases fall in between general and specialized, like ScienceDirect , Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 9

10. Steps for Conducting a Literature Search cont - Use Boolean Operators : Combine keywords using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to refine your search.AND narrows the search by combining terms.OR broadens the search by including any of the terms.NOT excludes terms to refine the search. Apply Filters: Use filters to narrow down results by publication date, document type (e.g., articles, reviews, theses), and language. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 10

11. Steps for Conducting a Literature Search cont - Review Abstracts and Titles: Skim through the titles and abstracts to identify relevant articles. Access Full Texts: Use institutional access, interlibrary loans, or open-access repositories to get the full texts of relevant articles. Follow Citations: Look at the references in relevant papers to find additional sources. Use tools like Google Scholar’s “Cited by” feature to find newer papers that cite the article you found useful. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 11

12. Tools for Managing References Reference Management Software : Use tools like EndNote, Zotero , Mendeley , or RefWorks to organize and manage your references. These tools can help you store, organize, and format references in various citation styles. They often come with browser plugins to directly save references from databases and websites. Notes and Annotations : Take notes and annotate PDFs directly in your reference management software or using PDF annotation tools. Database Features : Many databases allow you to save searches, create alerts for new publications on your topic, and export citations in different formats. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 12

13. Best Practices for a Thorough Literature Search Be Systematic : Follow a systematic approach to ensure you cover all relevant literature. Keep Records : Document your search strategy, including databases used, search terms, and filters applied. Stay Updated : Regularly update your search to include the latest research. Diversify Sources : Look for literature from different types of sources (e.g., peer-reviewed journals, books, conference papers). Evaluate Sources : Critically evaluate the credibility and relevance of the sources you find. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 13

14. Example of a Search Strategy case study Suppose you are researching the effects of social media on adolescent mental health. Your search strategy might look like this: Keywords : Social media, adolescent, mental health, depression, anxiety. Boolean Search : (Social media OR Facebook OR Twitter OR Instagram) AND (adolescent OR teenager OR youth) AND (mental health OR depression OR anxiety). Databases : PubMed, PsycINFO , Google Scholar. Filters : Articles published in the last 10 years, peer-reviewed journals, English language. Review Process : Skim through abstracts, access full texts, use citation tracking to find additional sources. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 14

15. For a comprehensive and effective literature search in pharmacy research Utilize a variety of resources, including specialized databases, journals, and tools. What can be referred for a good literature search in pharmacy research? Specialized Databases and Search Engines PubMed : A comprehensive resource for biomedical literature, including pharmacy-related studies . (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /) Embase : Offers extensive coverage of biomedical literature, including drug research and pharmacology .(https:// www.elsevier.com/en-in/products/embase) Scopus : A large abstract and citation database that covers a broad range of scientific disciplines, including pharmacy .(https:// www.scopus.com/home.uri) Tip : Use Scopus to find citation information and track how often an article has been cited. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 15

16. For a comprehensive and effective literature search in pharmacy research cont - Google Scholar: A freely accessible search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across various formats and disciplines. ClinicalTrials.gov: A database of privately and publicly funded clinical studies conducted around the world. Tip: Search for ongoing or completed clinical trials related to pharmacy. Cochrane Library: Contains high-quality, independent evidence to inform healthcare decision-making, including systematic reviews in pharmacy .(https://www.cochranelibrary.com /) Tip: Use it for meta-analyses and systematic reviews on pharmacy-related topics. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 16

17. Key Journals in Pharmacy Research Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics International Journal of Pharmacy Practice Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Pharmacy Practice International Journal of Pharmaceutics Etc. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 17

18. The Orange Book T he Orange Book can be used as a reference material. The Orange Book, officially titled Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, is a publication by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that lists all FDA-approved drug products. It provides essential information about each drug, such as ingredients, dosages, and labeling. The Orange Book is often used by researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and healthcare professionals to verify the safety and efficacy of drugs. You can consult the Orange Book online or purchase a printed copy through the FDA website or a bookstore . ( https :// www.fda.gov/drugs/development-approval-process-drugs/orange-book-preface ) Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 18

19. Patent databases Patent databases can be a valuable resource for referencing. Patent databases, such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office's (USPTO) Patent Full-Text and Image Database or the European Patent Office's (EPO) Patent Database, provide comprehensive and authoritative information on patented inventions. These databases can be used to research existing patents, identify potential applications, and determine the feasibility of new ideas. Additionally, patent databases can be used to identify prior art, which can help in determining the novelty and non-obviousness of an invention. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 19

20. Professional Organizations and Their Resources American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) American Pharmacists Association ( APhA ) International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) These organizations often provide access to specialized publications, guidelines, and position statements. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 20

21. Reference Management Tools EndNote : Helps you organize references and create bibliographies. Zotero : Free and open-source tool for managing bibliographic data and related research materials. Mendeley : Reference manager and academic social network that can help you organize your research, collaborate with others online, and discover the latest research. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 21

22. Additional Tips for an Effective Literature Search Develop a Clear Research Question : Clearly define what you are looking for to guide your search strategy. Use Boolean Operators : Refine your searches using AND, OR, and NOT to combine or exclude keywords. Apply Filters : Narrow your search results by using filters such as publication date, type of study, and language. Search for Reviews and Meta-Analyses : These can provide comprehensive overviews of research on a particular topic and point you toward primary research articles. Follow Citation Trails : Use the references in key papers to find additional relevant studies. Tools like Web of Science and Scopus can help track citation trails. Set Alerts : Many databases allow you to set up alerts for new publications on your topic of interest. Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 22

23. Happy and fruitful research journey ahead - Literature search for Research work in Science and Pharmacy 23