Logic Building IN PROGRAMMING RELATED DEVELOPERS.pptx

LOGIC RELATED INFORMATION

1. LOGIC BUILDING Bridge course G.Mamatha Asst.Professor , Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering-Honors -- KLH KL Deemed to be UNIVERSITY 2022 – 23 Odd Sem

2. Topics Math Riddles Number System Series Puzzles Logic Puzzles Einstein Puzzles Algebra Puzzles Sam Loyd Puzzles Card Puzzles Cross Word Puzzles Prodigy (Game Based Platform) Brain Treasers Problem Solving and Algorithms Introduction to algorithm

3. Number system

4. Number System Number System : A writing system to express numbers Numbers are used to count, measure, label Numbers are everywhere Howmany students are present in this class? What is the height of the class room? What is this room number? Number system types: Positional - ex: Indo-Arabian number system Non-positional - ex: Roman number system List of different number systems and their uses 1 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numeral_systems 08-08-2023 4

5. Positional Number System or Place-Value Notation Used to express numbers An extension of Indo-Arabic (Decimal) nummber system to any radix (or base) The most common number systems used in digital systems are: binary(r=2), octal(r=8), decimal(r=10), hexadecimal(r=16), etc... ( a 3 a 2 a 1 a ) r = a 3 ∗ r 3 + a 2 ∗ r 2 + a 1 ∗ r 1 + a ∗ r Where, a i − i th digit r i − i th p osition w eight r - radix or base 08-08-2023 5

6. Decimal Number System - ( ) 10 Positional Number System Indo-Arabic (Decimal) nummber system Notation: ( a 3 a 2 a 1 a ) r = a 3 ∗ r 3 + a 2 ∗ r 2 + a 1 ∗ r 1 + a ∗ r Figure: Place-Value Notation 2 2 PC:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File: Positional_notation_glossary-en.svg 08-08-2023 6

7. Number System Figure: Classification of numbers 08-08-2023 7

8. Exercises 1 Justify if 191 is a prime number or not? Find the missing number in the series 7,9 , 12, 48, ?, 890. Is 64578 divisible b y 5 ? Express log101 = in exponential form? Find x if log5(x-7)=1 2 3 4 5 6 08-08-2023 8

9. 1024*2048*8192*128

10. 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 0 + 1 08-08-2023 10

11. If 4+2=26 8+1=79 6+5=111 Then, what is 7+3=?? 08-08-2023 11

12. 4+2=26 is because 4-2=2 and 4+2=6, so it is 26. Similarly, 8+1=79 because 8-1=7 and 8+1=9, so it is 79, and 6+5=111 because 6-5=1 and 6+5=11, so it 111. Therefore, 7+3 will be 410 because 7-3=4 and 7+3=10, so it will be 410. 08-08-2023 12

13. If you multiply all the numbers on the telephone number pad… What number do you get? 08-08-2023 13

14. 7 + 7 ÷ 7 + 7 x 7 – 7 = ?? 08-08-2023 14

15. If seven people meet each other and each shakes hands only once with each of the others. How many handshakes will be there in total? 08-08-2023 15

16. The answer is 21 handshakes. Most people would think there were 42 handshakes. The first person shakes the hand of 6 others, the second person shakes the hand of 5 remaining people, the third person shakes the hand of 4 remaining people, the fourth person shakes the hand of 3 remaining people, and the 5th person shakes the hand of 2 remaining people, and the sixth person shakes the hand of 1 remaining person. 6+5+4+3+2+1=21 08-08-2023 16

17. Number series

18. Number Series Number series is an order of numbers which are not arranged randomly but follow a pattern. We will understand how to identify which kind of pattern is following because without this it is next to impossible to have a command on number series. Number series is a form of numbers in a certain sequence, where some numbers are mistakenly put into the series of numbers and some number is missing in that series. We need to observe first and then find the accurate number to that series of numbers. 08-08-2023 18

19. Different types of Number Series Adddition series 2,9,16,23,30,---- Subtraction Series 13,11,9,7,5,------ Multiplacation Series 4,12,36,108,324,---- 08-08-2023 19

20. Different types of Number Series Multiplication and Addition Series 4,11,25,53,109,--- Square Series 4,16,36,64,100,--- Cube Sreies 8,27,64,125,---- 08-08-2023 20

21. Different types of Number Series Product of the Series 88,64,24,------- 78,93,105,111,---,120 74,63,54,45,---- Fibonacci Series 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,------ 08-08-2023 21

22. Examples 17,21,25,29,33,37,41,----- 9,16,23,30,37,44,---------- 15,17,21,27,35,------------ 17,20,26,38,62,------------ 11,13,16,21,28,39,-------- 14,16, 18,23,35,54,80,---- 11,13,18,29,49,81,-------- 21,32,49,------------------ 13,14,18,27,43,----------- 17,24,34,48,67,----------- 18,23,35,54,80,----------- 08-08-2023 22

23. Find output of 869 *738 + 869 *262? If in a code language “ORGANISATION” is written as “CBDWLQJWYQCL” and “OPERATION” is written as “CXFBWYQCL”. How is “SEPARATION” coded? If H = 8 and HAT = 29, find how BOX =? What least digit should come in place of # in the 9digit number 15549#325, for which the number is divisible by 3? 08-08-2023 23

24. 5.The difference between a two-digit number and the number obtained by interchanging two digits of the number is 9. The sum of the two digits of the number is 15. What is product of the two digits of two-digit number? 08-08-2023 24

25. 9a – 9b = 9 9a = 9b + 9 a = b + 1Now we can substitute this expression for a in the second equation:b + 1 + b = 15 2b + 1 = 15 2b = 14 b = 7 08-08-2023 25

26. LOGIC PUZZLES

27. Logic Puzzle: Five people were eating apples, A finished before B, but behind C. D finished before E, but behind B. What was the finishing order? Answer: CABDE. Putting the first three in order, A finished in front of B but behind C, so CAB. Then, we know D finished before B, so CABD. We know E finished after D, so CABDE. 08-08-2023 27

28. Logic Puzzle: The day before two days after the day before tomorrow is Saturday. What day is it today? Answer: Friday. The “day before tomorrow” is today; “the day before two days after” is really one day after. So if “one day after today is Saturday,” then it must be Friday. 08-08-2023 28

29. EINSTEIN PUZZLES

30. Five friends have their gardens next to one another, where they grow three kinds of crops: fruits (apple, pear, nut, cherry), vegetables (carrot, parsley, gourd, onion) and flowers (aster, rose, tulip, lily). 1. They grow 12 different varieties. 2. Everybody grows exactly 4 different varieties 3. Each variety is at least in one garden. 4. Only one variety is in 4 gardens. 5. Only in one garden are all 3 kinds of crops. 6. Only in one garden are all 4 varieties of one kind of crops. 7. Pear is only in the two border gardens. 8. Paul's garden is in the middle with no lily. 9. Aster grower doesn't grow vegetables. 10. Rose growers don't grow parsley. 11. Nuts grower has also gourd and parsley. 12. In the first garden are apples and cherries. 13. Only in two gardens are cherries. 14. Sam has onions and cherries. 15. Luke grows exactly two kinds of fruit. 16. Tulip is only in two gardens. 17. Apple is in a single garden. 18. Only in one garden next to Zick's is parsley. 19. Sam's garden is not on the border. 20. Hank grows neither vegetables nor asters. 21. Paul has exactly three kinds of vegetable. Who has which garden and what is grown where? 08-08-2023 30

31. Solution: Hank: pear apple cherry rose Sam: cherry onion rose tulip Paul: carrot gourd onion rose Zick: aster rose tulip lily Luke: pear nut gourd parsley 08-08-2023 31

32. There are five houses in a row, each with a different color . In each house lives a person of a different nationality . The five owners drink a certain type of beverage , smoke a certain brand of cigar , and keep a certain pet . No owners have the same pet, smoke the same brand of cigar, or drink the same beverage. We have to find out each of the respective persons with their respective belongings. 08-08-2023 32

33. Here are the clues : The Brit lives in the red house. The Swede keeps dogs as pets. The Dane drinks tea. The greenhouse is on the immediate left of the white house. The owner of the greenhouse drinks coffee. The person who smokes Pall Mall rears birds. The owner of the yellow house smokes Dunhill. The man living in the center house drinks milk. The Norwegian lives in the first house. The man who smokes Blends lives next to the one who keeps cats. The man who keeps the horse lives next to the man who smokes Dunhill. The man who smokes Blue Master drinks beer. The German smokes Prince. The Norwegian lives next to the blue house. The man who smokes Blends has a neighbor who drinks water. 08-08-2023 33

34. Step 1: We need to arrange tables for every detail according to each house, 08-08-2023 34

35. Step 2 : We fill in the details of the color of the respective houses, House #5 can’t be green because it isn’t to the left of any house (see hint #4).  House #2 is blue because it is the only house next to the Norwegian (see hint#14), and from hint #9, we know that the Norwegian lives in house #1.  House #3 drinks milk (see hint#8), but we know the resident of the greenhouse drink coffee (see hint#5), so house #3 can’t be green. We are now left to choose between house #1 and house #4, but we know house #1 is to the left of the blue house (see second sentence of this section), and from hint #4, the greenhouse is to the left of a white house, not a blue one. Since we now know house #4 is green, we can infer by way of hint #4 that house #5 is white, because it is to whose left, green is located. Since there are 2 uncolored houses left (House #1, and House #3), we start with House #1. Well, that’s simple, the Norwegian lives there and from hint#1, the Brit lives in the red house. We conclude house #3 is Red. 08-08-2023 35

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37.   Step 3 : Filling in hints by looking at the clues , Now, the only house next to the Dunhill smoker is the blue house . The Dane isn’t the BlueMasters smoker, because the Dane drinks tea (see hint #3) while the BlueMasters smoker drinks beer (see hint #12). What all of this means is that either the Dane lives in house #5 and the BlueMasters smoker lives in house #2 or vice versa. 08-08-2023 37

38. Trying the first scenario means the German and the Swede are left to both battle for house #4, which shouldn’t be. 08-08-2023 38

39. Step 4 : Looking for Who smokes what and their beverages, and pets! Next, we look at the Germans and the Swedes. Between the two of them, they now have house #4 and house #5 to choose from (House #2 is out of the question for the German, the Dane is already there.). The German smokes Prince (see hint #13), so he couldn’t be living in house #5. Per hint #15, the only place the Blend smoker could live is house #2. It is also clear who drinks water. We know what all houses smoke but the Brit, so the Brit is left to smoke Pall Mall. The only person who lives next to the Blend smoker, who hasn’t been assigned a pet is the Norwegian (see hint #10), so the Norwegian keeps cats.So the final matrix looks like this, 08-08-2023 39

40. To summarize, we have, 08-08-2023 40

41. ALGEBRA PUZZLES

42. In these equations,we apply the BODMAS rule 9-3÷1/3+1 =9-3*3+1 =9-9+1 =1 9-3÷1/3+1=? 08-08-2023 42

43. 08-08-2023 43 3+5+6 = 151872 5+5+6 = 253094 5+6+7 = 303585 5+5+3 = 251573 9+4+7 = ?

44. Solution: Given that, 3+5+6=151872 (3×5)=15 (3×6)=18. (15+18)–6=33–6=27 Write the number 27 in the reverse order and number obtained is 72 So,3+5+6=151872 Similarly,9+4+7=366329 (9×4)=36(9×7)=63 (36+63)–7=92 Now, write the number 92 in reverse order and the number obtained is 29 So 9+4+7 =366329

45. 8+5=487 7+4=327 6+5=191 5+4=? 5+6 = 341 6+7 = 559 7+8 = 855 8+3 = ? 08-08-2023 45

46. In this mathematics puzzle,the logic is formula: X 3 -y 3 =>8+5=487,how? Row 1 -> 8+5 = X 3 -y 2 = 8 3 -5 2 =512-25=487 Row 2 -> 7+4 = X 3 -y 2 = 7 3 -4 2 =343-16 = 327 Row 3 -> 6+5 = X 3 -y 2 = 6 3 -5 2 =216-25=191 similarly, we shall solve the last row to find the missing number. Row 4 -> 5+4 = X 3 -y 2 = 5 3 -4 2 =125-16=109 08-08-2023 46

47. 08-08-2023 47 In this mathematics puzzle,the logic is formula: X 3 + y 3 =>5+6=341,how? Row 1 ->5+6 = x 3 +y 3 =5 3 +6 3 =125+216=341 Row 2 ->6+7 = x 3 +y 3 =6 3 +7 3 =216+434=559 Row 3 ->7+8 = x 3 +y 3 =7 3 +8 3 =343+512=855 similarly, we shall solve the last row to find the missing number. Row 4 ->8+9 = x 3 +y 3 =8 3 +9 3 =512+729=1241  

48. CARD PUZZLES

49. Which card comes next? Ans: Eight Ans: Eight of Clubs Moving from left to right, card increase in value by 2,3. 4. 5 and 6, returning to Ace whenever the King is reached and always following the same suit pattern. 08-08-2023 49

50. Which playing cards completes the puzzles? Ans: 2 of any suit. In each row the sum of the even cards, minus the sum of the odd cards, equals 10. 08-08-2023 50

51. Sam loyd PUZZLES

52. 16+17+23+24+39+40=159 its not equality to 100. After trails solutions is 16+17+17+17+17=100.

53. Cross word PUZZLES

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59. Prodigy fuses math with tried-and-true role-playing mechanics. Prodigy (game based platform)

60. Introduction Prodigy fuses math with tried-and-true role-playing mechanics. Kids use math to wield magic and combat monsters as they venture through a fantasy-based world and level up their characters. Prodigy gives them the opportunity to do so within a more entertaining context than the traditional worksheet. It’s also designed to adapt to students’ answers, providing remediation when necessary to make sure they progress. 08-08-2023 60

61. Example 08-08-2023 61

62. Example 08-08-2023 62

63. Advantages Prodigy Math is a free, online math game that integrates common-core math skills (grades 1-8) into a fantasy role-playing game (RPG). Students create their own characters and answer math questions to progress in the game, earn prizes, go on quests, and play with friends. The game adapts to each student’s learning needs and grade level, and provides teachers and parents with reporting and assessment tools to track progress and motivate learning. 08-08-2023 63

64. Ideas Searching for: meals for picky toddler who only eats orange-colored food Generating answers for you. Here are some meal ideas for your picky toddler who only eats orange-colored food: Sweet Potato and Carrot Fries: Cut sweet potatoes and carrots into thin strips, toss with oil and bake in the oven until crispy. 08-08-2023 64

65. Learn Math through game 08-08-2023 65

66. Brain teasers

67. Contents Introduction What is brain teaser’s Do we need some exercise for brain! Brain teasers 08-08-2023 67

68. To tease someone we need their week points and their nick names, what do you need to tease some ones brain. Lets start about it …….. 08-08-2023 68

69. Brain teaser Brain teaser are exercises which are designed to simulate thinking function, encouraging the brain to work to complete the exercise While many do brain teasers for fun , but these simple exercises have other uses P roblem solving skills A way to approach a solution L ogic analysis and some more…. 08-08-2023 69

70. Do we need exercise for brain? In our daily life we often give works to brain, due to over function, our brain gets slow in process, to refresh it we take some snacks and refreshing drinks. This is another way to refresh your brain that’s why we need brain teaser. 08-08-2023 70

71. Let us refresh our brain, Now answer the upcoming questions carefully. Note: Don’t say the answer within seconds, think and say!!!!! 08-08-2023 71

72. Q1 08-08-2023 72

73. Q2 . A former was on his way back from the market after buying a fox, a chicken, and a bag of grain, if left alone the fox will eat the chicken will eat the grain solve it (only 2 can ride in the boat) 08-08-2023 73

74. Q3 08-08-2023 74

75. Q4 You have to select one door, where you can escape, the first door is full of thieves, the second door has a lion hunger of four months and the third door is full of fire. Which one will you choose and why? 08-08-2023 75

76. Q5 An elevator is on the ground floor. There are four people in the elevator including me. When the lift reaches the first floor, one person gets out and three people get in. The lift goes up to the second floor, 2 people get out, 6 people get in. It then goes up to the next floor up, no one gets out but 12 people get in. Halfway up to the next floor up the elevator cable snaps, it crashes to the floor. Everyone else dies in the elevator except me. How did I survive? 08-08-2023 76

77. Q6 The water level in a reservoir is low, but doubles every day. It takes 60 days to fill the reservoir. How long does it take for the reservoir to become half full? 08-08-2023 77

78. Q7 There are three boxes, one box labeled “bananas,” another labeled “strawberries” and the last labeled “mixed.” All the boxes are labeled incorrectly. You’re only allowed to reach into a single box and take out one piece of fruit. Without looking into the box, how will you fix the labels? 08-08-2023 78

79. Q8 “The Beatles need to cross a bridge at night to get to a concert. They only have one flashlight, and they have seventeen minutes to get there. The bridge must be crossed with the flashlight and can only support two people at a time. John can cross in one minute, Paul can cross in two minutes, George can cross in five minutes, and Ringo takes ten minutes to cross. How can they all make it to the concert on time? 08-08-2023 79

80.   First, John takes the flashlight and crosses the bridge with Paul. This takes two minutes. John then returns across the bridge with the flashlight taking one more minute (three minutes have passed so far). John gives the flashlight to George, and George and Ringo cross together, taking ten minutes (thirteen minutes have passed so far). George gives the flashlight to Paul, who recrosses the bridge taking two minutes (fifteen minutes have passed at this point). John and Paul now cross the bridge together, taking two more minutes. All end up across the bridge at the concert in exactly seventeen minutes. 08-08-2023 80

81. Q9 I have keys, but no locks. I have space, but no room. You can enter, but you can’t go outside. What am I? 08-08-2023 81

82. Q10 I have seas without water, coasts without sand, towns without people, and mountains without land. What am I? 08-08-2023 82

83. Problem solving and algorithms Everyone should learn to program a computer, because it teaches you how to think - Steve

84. Algorithm . An algorithm is a precise set of instructions that you follow to solve a problem or complete a task. One common example of an algorithm is a recipe , which consists of specific instructions for preparing a dish or meal. 08-08-2023 84

85. Who found Algorithm? . Perian mathematician Muhammad al-Khwarizmi who was born way back in around AD780. 08-08-2023 85

86. Algorithms Help to Train your Brain Almost every aspect of your daily life can be optimised and improved by creating a logical structure to save time and get better results. Whether it's choosing the best route to take to work, finding the best parking spot quickly, doing your grocery shopping as quickly and affordably as you can, or obtaining the best price on an airline ticket. Using the strong tools of algorithms, you may express yourself and solve issues that appear intractable. 08-08-2023 86

87. What are the uses of Algorithm? . Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing and automated reasoning. 08-08-2023 87

88. Why do you need an Algorithm? Scalability Performance When you have a sizable real-world problem, you must break it down into small steps to analyze it quickly. The real world is challenging to break down into smaller steps. If a problem can be easily divided into smaller steps, it indicates that the problem is feasible. 08-08-2023 88

89. How Algorithms used in real life? Arranging papers in an order ( Sort ), Daily routines such as morning routines , bedtime routines , or even exercise routines are another example of algorithms in everyday life. 08-08-2023 89

90. Advantages of A lgorithm Step-wise solution for a particular problem, which makes it easier to understand. Not dependent on any programming language, so it is very easy to understand by everyone. Easy to debug. Easy to implement. 08-08-2023 90

91. Disa dvantages of A lgorithm . Time consuming. Big problems are difficult to put in algrithm. 08-08-2023 91

92. Let’s try to learn algorithm - writing by using an example s Design an algorithm to make tea.. Step 1: START Step 2: Take a container. Step 3: Pour some milk. Step 4: Add Tea leaves. Step 5: Add Sugar. Step 6: Put it on the gas stove for around 5 - 10 minutes. Step 7: STOP 08-08-2023 92

93. Design an algorithm to Booking a Bus Ticket in Online. Step 1: START Step 2: Select a website. Step 3 : Select Date and Location. Step 4: Select Bus service - sleeper/semi sleeper/AC/Non-AC. Step 5: Select the availability. Step 6: Select fare. Step 7: Filling Details. Step 8: Select payment. Step 9 : Syncing - redirected to the portal of respective banks to do so. Step 10 : STOP 08-08-2023 93

94. Design an algorithm to Withdraw money from ATM Machine. Step 1: START Step 2: Insert ATM card. Step 3 : Select Language. Step 4: Enter four digit ATM pin. Step 5: Select the type of transaction. Step 6: Select the type of Account. Step 7: Enter the withdrawl amount. Step 8: Collect the cash. Step 9 : Take a printed receipt, if needed. Step 10 : Another Transaction. Step 11 : STOP 08-08-2023 94

95. Design an algorithm to add two numbers ad display the result. 5 10 5 a b c a is variable b is variable c is variable to store the result Step 1: START Step 2: Declare three variables a, b and c. Step 3: Define values of a and b. Step 4: Add values of a and b. Step 5: Store output of step 4 to c. Step 6: Print output c. Step 7: STOP 08-08-2023 95

96. Design an algorithm to find whether the given number is positive number or negative number. Step 1: START Step 2: [Take Input] Read: Number. Step 3 : Check: if Number is less than zero then Step 4: Print: Number is a negative number else Step 5: Print: Number is a positive number. Step 6 : STOP 08-08-2023 96

97. Task 1 Construct an algorithm for interchanging the numeric values of two variables. Brainstroming Task 2 Construct an algorithm that compares two numbers and prints either the message identifying the greater number or the message stating that both numbers are equal. 08-08-2023 97

98. Task 3 Construct an algorithm to check whether a number given by the user is odd or even. Task 4 Design an algorithm to print the largest number among three numbers. Task 5 Take three sides of a triangle as input and check thether the triangle can be drawn or not. If possible, classify the traingle as equilateral, isosceles, or scalene. 08-08-2023 98

99. Tanaya is new to the hostel and she just came to know about the laundry service provided in the hostel premisis. She also came to know that she can avail the facility by downloading the app in her mobile. Once the app is downloaded, and scanned, she can operate the machine by choosing appropriate mode for washing, there are three modes for washing 1. Normal wash 2 . quick wash and 3 spin only. Write an algorithm that will help Tanaya in operating the machine. Practice Questions 08-08-2023 99

100. Som, a smart boy received 100 rs from his grandfather and decided to go to market and eat his favorite dishes. First he bought a cotton candy worth Rs 5.00 and then he bought 2 baloons (green and pink) for his lovable sister Tanaya. . each balloon costs 7.00 Rs. Then he bought 4 apples , each at a cost of 12.00 rs. He was delighted to see that he still had some amount in his hand. He put the rest of the amount in his piggy bank. How much did Som spent and what is the balance that he put into the piggy bank. Write an Algorithm to help Som. Practice Questions 08-08-2023 100

101. Dhanesh’s cook , an old man urgently wants to retrieve some money from the ATM, usually his grandson helps him , who is currently not in town today. The cook asks Dhanesh , to guide him in withdrawing money and dhanesh quickly wrote the sequence of steps in a paper and handed over to his cook. Help Dhanesh write the steps to withdraw money from ATM. Practice Questions 08-08-2023 101

102. Dhanesh’s cook , an old man urgently wants to retrieve some money from the ATM, usually his grandson helps him, who is currently not in town today. The cook asks Dhanesh , to guide him in withdrawing money and dhanesh quickly wrote the sequence of steps in a paper and handed over to his cook. Help Dhanesh write the steps to withdraw money from ATM. Practice Questions 08-08-2023 102

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