Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution.pptx

The evolution of humans from early hominids like Australopithecus to contemporary humans is covered in this chapter. It explains the traits of the various Australopithecus species. The genus Homo is introduced with its oldest species, Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis. The earliest widely dispersed hominid was Homo erectus. The traits of modern humans first appeared in Homo sapiens sapiens around 50,000 years ago. The evolution of humans from early hominids like Australopithecus to contemporary humans is covered in this chapter. It explains the traits of the various Australopithecus species. The genus Homo is introduced with its oldest species, Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis. The earliest widely dispersed hominid was Homo erectus. The traits of modern humans first appeared in Homo sapiens sapiens around 50,000 years ago.

1. Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution Members: Marve Mae P. Mejos Precious Angel Selbijan Kent John M. Parane

2. Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution Members: Marve Mae P. Mejos Precious Angel Selbijan Kent John M. Parane Human Origins Looking at evolution as man's linear progression. Evolution is a natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across successive generations ( Banaag 20120. 31 ). It helps us identify and analyze man's physiological development which is important in his subsistence. Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree, however, about how these species are related or which ones simply died out. Many early human species — certainly the majority of them — left no living descendants. Scientists also debate over how to identify and classify particular species of early humans, and about what factors influenced the evolution and extinction of each species

3. Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution Members: Marve Mae P. Mejos Precious Angel Selbijan Kent John M. Parane Human Origins Looking at evolution as man's linear progression. Evolution is a natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across successive generations ( Banaag 20120. 31 ). It helps us identify and analyze man's physiological development which is important in his subsistence. Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree, however, about how these species are related or which ones simply died out. Many early human species — certainly the majority of them — left no living descendants. Scientists also debate over how to identify and classify particular species of early humans, and about what factors influenced the evolution and extinction of each species Human Origins More so, the evolution of man became an important concern in the emergence of different societies. Early man's development serves as an avenue in analyzing the progress of our society. For two million years, man in the form of early hominid, was a herd/tribal animal, primarily a herd herbivore. During the next two million years the human became a tribal hunter/warrior. All of the human's social drives developed long before he developed intellectually. They are, therefore, instinctive. Such instincts as mother-love, compassion, cooperation, curiosity, inventiveness and competitiveness are ancient and embedded in the human. Thus, These characteristics were all necessary for the survival and adaptation of human and pre-human (www.onelife,com).

4. Looking Back at Human Biocultural and Social Evolution Members: Marve Mae P. Mejos Precious Angel Selbijan Kent John M. Parane Human Origins Looking at evolution as man's linear progression. Evolution is a natural process of biological changes occurring in a population across successive generations ( Banaag 20120. 31 ). It helps us identify and analyze man's physiological development which is important in his subsistence. Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree, however, about how these species are related or which ones simply died out. Many early human species — certainly the majority of them — left no living descendants. Scientists also debate over how to identify and classify particular species of early humans, and about what factors influenced the evolution and extinction of each species Human Origins More so, the evolution of man became an important concern in the emergence of different societies. Early man's development serves as an avenue in analyzing the progress of our society. For two million years, man in the form of early hominid, was a herd/tribal animal, primarily a herd herbivore. During the next two million years the human became a tribal hunter/warrior. All of the human's social drives developed long before he developed intellectually. They are, therefore, instinctive. Such instincts as mother-love, compassion, cooperation, curiosity, inventiveness and competitiveness are ancient and embedded in the human. Thus, These characteristics were all necessary for the survival and adaptation of human and pre-human (www.onelife,com).

5. Human Origins More so, the evolution of man became an important concern in the emergence of different societies. Early man's development serves as an avenue in analyzing the progress of our society. For two million years, man in the form of early hominid, was a herd/tribal animal, primarily a herd herbivore. During the next two million years the human became a tribal hunter/warrior. All of the human's social drives developed long before he developed intellectually. They are, therefore, instinctive. Such instincts as mother-love, compassion, cooperation, curiosity, inventiveness and competitiveness are ancient and embedded in the human. Thus, These characteristics were all necessary for the survival and adaptation of human and pre-human (www.onelife,com). Homo Habilis Homo Rudolfensis Homo Erectus Homo heidelbergensis This species Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago scavenging for food. It’s name, which means ‘handy man’, was given in 1964 because this species was thought to represent the first maker of stone tools.

6. Homo Habilis Homo Rudolfensis Homo Erectus Homo heidelbergensis This species lived about 1.9 to 1.8 million years ago. This Species are characterized by a longer face, larger molar and pre- molar teeth, and having a larger braincase compared to habilis particularly larger frontal lobes, areas of the brain that processes information

7. Homo Habilis Homo Rudolfensis Homo Erectus Homo heidelbergensis The species name means “ Upright Man ” with body proportions similar to that of modern humans. Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago; adapted to hot climates and mostly spread in Africa and Asia. They were the first to use axe and knives and produce fire.

8. Homo Habilis Homo Rudolfensis Homo Erectus Homo heidelbergensis Homo Floresiensis Species with large brow ridge and short wide bodies that lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago in Europe and Africa. They were the first to hunt wild animals in a routine basis using spears, and first to construct human shelters.

9. Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Homo Erectus Homo Floresiensis Homo Sapiens Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis Species nicknamed “Hobbit” due to their small stature with a height of more or less 3 feet and lived 95,000 to 17,000 years ago in the island of Flores, Indonesia along with other dwarfed animal species.

10. Homo Floresiensis Homo Sapiens Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis The species name means “Wise Man” that appeared form 200,000 years ago. The present human race belongs to this species. The Latin noun homo (genitive hominis) means “human being”, while the participle sapiēns means "discerning, wise, sensible".

11. Homo Habilis Homo Floresiensis Homo Sapiens Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis Homo Sapiens Sapiens The subspecies, also known as “Neanderthal Man” is the closest relative of modern humans. A Subspecies with short yet stocky in body build adapter to winter climates especially in icy cold places in Europe and Asia.

12. Homo Habilis Homo Floresiensis Homo Sapiens Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis Homo Sapiens Sapiens The first human species to practice burial of their dead

13. Homo Sapiens Sapiens Homo Floresiensis Homo Sapiens Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis Subspecies known as Cro- Magnon characterized to be anatomically modern humans and lived in the last Ice Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. They were the first to produce art in cave paintings and crafting tools and accessories.

14. Homo Sapiens Sapiens Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) traditionally concided with the first evidence of tool construction and use by Homosome 2.5 million years ago. • Use of simple pebble tools. • Learned to live in caves. • Discovered the use of fires. • Developed small sculpture; and monumental painting, incised designs and reliefs on the walls of caves. • "Food - collecting cultures" Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Occurred sometime about 10,000 BCE • Stone tools were shaped by polishing or grinding. • Settlement in permanent villages. • Dependence on domesticated plants or animals. • "Food - producing cultures " Cultural Period Time Frame Cultural Development MAN’S CULTURAL EVOLUTION

15. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) traditionally concided with the first evidence of tool construction and use by Homosome 2.5 million years ago. • Use of simple pebble tools. • Learned to live in caves. • Discovered the use of fires. • Developed small sculpture; and monumental painting, incised designs and reliefs on the walls of caves. • "Food - collecting cultures" Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Occurred sometime about 10,000 BCE • Stone tools were shaped by polishing or grinding. • Settlement in permanent villages. • Dependence on domesticated plants or animals. • "Food - producing cultures " Cultural Period Time Frame Cultural Development MAN’S CULTURAL EVOLUTION Unpolished Stone tools Hunting and gathering Polished stone tools Domestication of plants and animals Nomadic way of living Living in permanent places PALEOLITHIC AGE NEOLITHIC AGE SIMPLE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION - The evidences of a change in economic aspect have resulted in the transformation of man’s way of life. Early societies started to emerge as a result of man’s interaction with his environment. Every society is organized in such a way that there will be rules of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways and mores, and expectations that ensure appropriate behavior among members ( Palispis , 2007 p. 254). This organizational component provides the basis of identifying what is acceptable or not within the social order. Sociologically and anthropologically, society possesses different characteristics that show the interdependence of people with one another.

16. Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) traditionally concided with the first evidence of tool construction and use by Homosome 2.5 million years ago. • Use of simple pebble tools. • Learned to live in caves. • Discovered the use of fires. • Developed small sculpture; and monumental painting, incised designs and reliefs on the walls of caves. • "Food - collecting cultures" Neolithic Age (New Stone Age) Occurred sometime about 10,000 BCE • Stone tools were shaped by polishing or grinding. • Settlement in permanent villages. • Dependence on domesticated plants or animals. • "Food - producing cultures " Cultural Period Time Frame Cultural Development MAN’S CULTURAL EVOLUTION Unpolished Stone tools Hunting and gathering Polished stone tools Domestication of plants and animals Nomadic way of living Living in permanent places PALEOLITHIC AGE NEOLITHIC AGE SIMPLE DIFFERENTIATION OF THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION - The evidences of a change in economic aspect have resulted in the transformation of man’s way of life. Early societies started to emerge as a result of man’s interaction with his environment. Every society is organized in such a way that there will be rules of conduct, customs, traditions, folkways and mores, and expectations that ensure appropriate behavior among members ( Palispis , 2007 p. 254). This organizational component provides the basis of identifying what is acceptable or not within the social order. Sociologically and anthropologically, society possesses different characteristics that show the interdependence of people with one another. Characteristics of Human Society It is a social system A society is relatively large A society recruits members from within A society sustains itself across generations A society’s members share a culture A society occupies a territory

17. Characteristics of Human Society It is a social system A society is relatively large A society recruits members from within A society sustains itself across generations A society’s members share a culture A society occupies a territory

18. Characteristics of Human Society It is a social system A society is relatively large A society recruits members from within A society sustains itself across generations A society’s members share a culture A society occupies a territory Types of Societies Hunting and Gathering Societies The earliest form of human society. People survived by foraging for vegetable food and small game, fishing, hunting larger wild animals, and collecting shellfish. They subsisted from day to day on whatever was available They used tools made of stones, woods, and bones Horticultural societies Pastoral Societies

19. Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural societies Pastoral Societies Types of Societies People learned to use human muscle power and hand held tools to cultivate fields. Classified as subsistence farming and surplus farming. Subsistence Farming : Involves only producing enough food to feed the group. The settlements are small. Neighborhood is solid. Political organization is confined in the village. Authority is based on positions inherited by males through the kinship system.

20. Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural societies Pastoral Societies Types of Societies Surplus Farming: Practiced in thickly populated and permanent settlesments. There was occupational specialization with prestige differences. Social stratification was well established. The community tended to be structured by kinship relations that are male dominated.

21. Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural societies Pastoral Societies Types of Societies It relied on herding and the domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the greater needs of the group. Most pastoralists were nomads who followed their herds in a never- ending quest for pasture and water. It was organized along male- centered kinship groups. It was usually under strong political figures. However, centralized political leadership did not occur.

22. Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural societies Pastoral Societies Types of Societies Agricultural Societies These societies were characterized by the use of the plow in farming. Creation of the irrigation system provided farming enough surplus for the community. Ever-growing populations came together in broad river- valley system. Those who controlled access to arable land and its use became rich and powerful since they could demand the payment of taxes and political support. Industrial Societies Post-Industrial Societies

23. Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural societies Pastoral Societies Types of Societies Agricultural Societies Industrial Societies Post-Industrial Societies It is characterized by more than just the use of mechanical means of production. It constitutes an entirely new form of society that requires an immense, mobile diversity specialized, high skilled, and well- coordinated labor force. Creates a highly organized systems of exchange between suppliers of raw materials and industrial manufacturers. Industrial societies are divided along class lines Industrialism brought about a tremendous shift of populations.

24. Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural societies Pastoral Societies Types of Societies Agricultural Societies Industrial Societies Post-Industrial Societies It is characterized by more than just the use of mechanical means of production. It constitutes an entirely new form of society that re. quires an immense, mobile diversity specialized, high skilled, and well- coordinated labor force. Creates a highly organized systems of exchange between suppliers of raw materials and industrial manufacturers. Industrial societies are divided along class lines Industrialism brought about a tremendous shift of populations. Kinship plays a smaller role in patterning public affairs. Industrial societies are highly secularized The predominant form of social and political organization in industrial societies is the bureaucracy

25. Hunting and Gathering Societies Horticultural societies Pastoral Societies Types of Societies Agricultural Societies Industrial Societies Post-Industrial Societies It is characterized by more than just the use of mechanical means of production. It constitutes an entirely new form of society that re. quires an immense, mobile diversity specialized, high skilled, and well- coordinated labor force. Creates a highly organized systems of exchange between suppliers of raw materials and industrial manufacturers. Industrial societies are divided along class lines It depends on specialized knowledge to bring about continuing progress in technology. It is characterized by the spread of computer industries. Knowledge and information are the hallmarks of this society. It resulted in the homogenization of social relations among individuals and the interaction between humans and the natural environment.