Lotic ecosystems. Fresh water existence then ppt.pptx

Lotic ecosystem is the flowing water ecosystem which includes river, streams, etc these are type of fresh water ecosystem. It includes all the interactive abiotic and biotic features... threw se fhjj gn Rabun tenth Heaven began hudug

1. Lotic ecosystem. Presented by:- shalini rajput

2. What is the term lotic ? Word originated form latin : lotus meaning= washing (activity moving water) . Definition: The water bodies moving in one direction is known as lotic fresh water ecosystem. Examples: Rivers, streams are common Examples of lotic fresh water ecosystem. Their water flows in one direction and they Begin (origin) at a source which could be a spring, lake, or snowmelt and travel to their mouths, which may be the sea, or another river. Washing of water Water that results from the melting of snow

3. Characteristics of lotic water ecosystem . Flow in one direction ( downhill) Narrow and longer than lakes Flowing water continually cuts into the channel, making it deeper and wider as it ages Uniform and high light penetration and high temperature. It contains high current velocity. The water contains usually high dissolved oxygen due to fast flowing water. It contains higher species diversity. It has higher geographical range. It can last for many thousands of years.

4. Zones of lotic ecosystem. Lotic ecosystem is mainly categorized into 2 zones: Rapid zone. Pool zone. Rapid Zone: This is the zone of shallow water where velocity of current is great enough to keep the bottom clear of silt and other loose materials, thus providing a firm substrate. This zone is occupied largely by specialized benthic or periphytic organisms which become firmly attached or cling to a firm substrate and also by strong swimmers such as darter fish. https://images.app.goo.gl/NcQuc7du5WnZvbZj8 RAPID ZONE.

5. Pool Zone: There is the zone of deeper water where velocity of current is reduced and slit and other loose materials tend to settle to the bottom, thus providing a soft bottom , unfavorable for surface benthos but favorable for burrowing forms, nektons and in some cases, planktons. https://images.app.goo.gl/ EdiFLPtLT3s1rZazw8 POOL ZONE.

6. Abiotic components (non-living). The non-living components of an ecosystem are called abiotic components. E.g. stone, air, soil, etc.. Water flow. / water current. Unidirectional water flow is the key factor in lotic systems influencing their ecology. The strength of water flow varies from torrential rapids to slow backwaters. Flow can be affected by sudden water input from snow melt ,rain and ground water Water flow can alter the shape of riverbeds. through erosion and sedimentation Creating a variety of changing habitats. The amount of water in a stream is measured as  discharge  (volume per unit time). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Robson_Provincial_Park WATER CURRENT.

7. 2 . Light. Light provides energy for photosynthesis which produces the primary food source for the river lives . It also provides refuges for prey species in the shadows it’s casts . The amount of light received in a flowing water way is variable. Deep rivers tend to be more turbulent and particles in the water increasingly weaken light penetration as depth increases. Temperature. Water temp in rivers varies with the environment . Water can be heated /cooled through radiation at the surface and condition from the air and surrounding substrate. Temperature differences can be significant between the surface and the bottom of deep . Climate ,Shading and elevation all affect water temp. Species living in these environments are called poikilotherms. There internal temperature varies to suit their environmental conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSW https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Robson_Provincial_Park LIGHT PENETRATION. TEMPERATURE VARYING.

8. 4. Chemistry. Water chemistry in river ecosystems varies depending on which dissolved solutes and gases are present in the  water column  of the stream. dissolved inorganic matter and major  ions  (calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphide, chloride) dissolved inorganic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, silica) suspended  and  dissolved organic matter gases (nitrogen, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen) trace metals and pollutants. In terms of dissolved gases,  oxygen :-  is the most important chemical constituent of lotic systems, as all aerobic organisms require it for survival. It enters the water mostly via diffusion. Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis, so systems with a high abundance of aquatic algae and plants may also have high concentrations of oxygen during the day. These levels can decrease significantly during the night when primary producers switch to respiration.

9. Oxygen dynamics. Processes that increase  dissolved oxygen   concentrations are shown with green boxes. Processes that decrease  dissolved oxygen  concentrations are shown with orange boxes. (modified after Connell and Miller, 1984 1  ). https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fozcoasts.org.au%2Findicators%2Fbiophysical-indicators%2Fdissolved_oxygen%2F&psig=AOvVaw3xUPrj44tHG23WDSj700fa&ust=1652639046724000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA4Q3YkBahcKEwjY5s-uzt_3AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQCQ

10. Biotic components (living). The living components of an ecosystem are called the biotic components. including bacteria, insects, invertebrates, as well as fish and other vertebrates. BASED ON Trophic level dynamics: Level one:  Producers , plant-like organisms that generate their own food using solar radiation, including  algae ,  phytoplankton ,  mosses  and  lichens . Level two:  Consumers , animal-like organism that get their energy from eating producers, such as  zooplankton , small fish, and  crustaceans . Level three:  Decomposers , organisms that break down the dead matter of consumers and producers and return the nutrients back to the system. Example are  bacteria  and  fungi . ALGAL BLOOM CRUSTACEANS

11. Food chain: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fplantlet.org%2Friver-ecosystem-in-bangladesh-bangshai-river-part-2%2F&psig=AOvVaw1Vcn3kLPjF8PQonS-FWwxZ&ust=1652642178797000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA4Q3YkBahcKEwjI1vCG2t_3AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQCQ

12. INTERATION’s OF LOTIC ECOSYSTEM. Lotic system typically connect to each other, Forming a path to the ocean. (Spring ===> stream ===> River ===> ocean) Many fishes have life cycles that require stages in both freshwater and salt water. For example: some fish species that are born and develop in freshwater and then move to the ocean as a adults. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istockphoto.com%2Fphotos%2Freverse-fly&psig=AOvVaw3_PSmbakZJmnKGHX-Btlrn&ust=1652646938326000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA4Q3YkBahcKEwjY-6Hh69_3AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQCA

13. Difference Between Lotic and Lentic Ecosystem . Lotic. lentic. It has a continuosu water flow with definte direction. it has more complex perimeter with linear, narrower, longer and shallower basin. Its  width is relatively narrow. It can last for many thousands of years. Water is fed by lower order streams, rains, precititation , melt, snow and springs. It contains high current velocity. The water contains usually high dissolved oxygen due to fast flowing water. It has lower salt content. It has low speciation rates. It contains higher species diversity. It has higher geographical range. Water flow is absent. In this case, water does not flow with a continuosu and definete direction. It has less complex perimeter with circular and deeper basin. It has relativel broad width. It can last for a few hundred to a few thousand years. Water is fed by higher order streams, lotic waters such as rivers, creeks, etc. It contains low current velocity. The water contains low dissolved oxygen. It has higher salt content. It has high speciation rates. It contains lower species diversity. It has lower range of geography.

14. Adaptations. Permanent attachment to a firm substrate:- Attachment to substrates such as a stone, log, or leaf mass is an important adaptation of these organisms. Examples -Attached green algae has long trailing filaments to attach -Encrusting diatoms which cover various surfaces . Aquatic mosses of genus Fontinalis and others which covers stones. 2. Hooks and suckers:- Animals of rapid zones have hooks or suckers that enable them to grip even smooth surfaces. Examples - The Dipteran larvae, Simulium , Blepharocera , Hydropysche , and the caddis are remarkable in the structure of their suckers and are the only animals to withstand the pounding of swift rapids and waterfalls. https://worldofwater.com/fontinalis-antipyretica-willow-moss-pack-of-5-bunches/ https://worldofwater.com/fontinalis-antipyretica-willow-moss-pack-of-5-bunches/ ATTACHMENT OF ALGAE TO SUBSTRATE.

15. 3. Sticky under surface :- Many animals are able to adhere to the surface of the strata by their sticky NATURE. snails and flat worms are good examples. 4. Streamlined and flattened bodies :- Many animals that live under or on stones, or on other exposed substrates are dorsa-ventrally flattened. Those that live under stones avoid the current altogether. For those living on exposed substrates, flattening allows them to live in the relatively still boundary layer. A fusiform body offers the least resistance to fluids. An ideally streamlined object is widest at about 36% along it length and tapers to a point at the rear. https://images.app.goo.gl/7ePBqbksmWeFiFY79 http://faculty.collin.edu/dmcculloch/Field%20Biology/Aquatic%20Ecosystems/Lotic/Adaptations/Adaptations%20to%20Lotic%20Waters.htm SNAIL. FLATTENED BODIES . STREAMLINE BODIES .

16. Major Threats. Pollution : Increasing sediment export, excess nutrients from fertilizer or urban runoff, sewage and septic inputs, plastic pollution, nano-particles, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, synthetic chemicals, road salt, inorganic contaminants (e.g., heavy metals), and even heat via thermal pollutions can reduce ecosystem functioning, limit ecosystem services, reduces streamlined biodiversity. Another pollutant Acid rain enter lotic systems through precipitation which lowers the pH of these sites, affecting all trophic levels from algae to vertebrates. https://images.app.goo.gl/Sw2e2suNVQsydnwi9 YAMUNA RIVER POLLUTION. https://images.app.goo.gl/uF28F6z5HsXn5UcN8 DUMPING OF WASTE.

17. Flow modification: Flow modification can occur as a result of dams, water regulation and extraction, channel modification, and the destruction of the river floodplain and adjacent riparian zones. Invertebrates immediately below a dam can show reductions in species richness due to an overall reduction in habitat heterogeneity. Invasive Species: Cyprinus carpio - Native to Europe and Asia, and has been introduced to every part of the world. They extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to native duck, and fish populations. CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS. https://images.app.goo.gl/MLyvv1FZDLPCV5SVA

18. IMPORTANCE. Habitat - Lotic system provides a habitat for various plants and animals. MORE OVER 10,000 fish species live HERE approximately 40% of global-fish diversity and one quarter of global-vertebrate diversity. When amphibians, aquatic reptiles (crocodiles, turtles) and mammals (otters, river dolphins, platypus) are added to this ECOSYSTEM .Birds depend on rivers for food, water, and habitat sources. Rivers are also an effective way for birds to migrate from one landscape to another. Diverse habitat. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etsy.com%2Fnz%2Flisting%2F258759160%2Fpond-and-river-ecosystem-print-childrens&psig=AOvVaw1ic8K5dWB2cZZQwp_fi-_u&ust=1652712612253000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA4Q3YkBahcKEwi48-u54OH3AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQCA

19. Food source - Rivers have been a source of food since pre-history. Rivers are the backbone of human civilization. They are often a rich source of fish and other edible aquatic life, and are a major source of fresh water, which can be used for drinking and irrigation. Economy - Rivers are of a great value to human beings. They help to develop hydel power, provide water for irrigation, Agriculture, industries and they help to develop fisheries. They will enhance natural beauty and help in the development of tourism and provide recreation. Different species depend on river for food. https://images.app.goo.gl/ALTVpBWRyqFvHpdH7 Hydel power. https://www.power-technology.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2021/03/Feature-Image-biggest-hydroelectric-power-plants.jpg FISHERMAN’S https://images.app.goo.gl/7F6HC9asE1VM8vwR8