lymphatic system and lymph fluid

this slid discuses lymphatic system and organs then lymph fluid and lymph diseseae

1. Cairo university faculty of science Biophysics department. Lymph and lymphatic system By : 1 ) Mohmed Elsyad Abd Elslam student code : 1628462 2) Abdelrahman Mostafa Ahmed Student code: 1628198

2. In general Is a circulatory system that is concerned especially with collecting fluids and proteins that have escaped from cells and tissues and returning them to the blood, and  removal of cellular scrapped and foreign material with the phagocytic cells.  

3. Its function It is the site of many immune system functions. It is responsible for the removing of interstitial fluid from tissues into lymph fluid, then filtered and returned into the blood through the subclavian veins near the heart . It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chylomicrons from the digestive system . It transports white blood cells to lymph nodes where immune responses take place.  

4. Its structure (anatomically) Lymph the fluid a network of Lymphatic vessels Lymphoid organs that scattered throughout the body

5. Lymphatic vessels Form an functional draining system that promote the flowing of the (lymph) In its : Lymphatics Lymph capillaries Minivalves Collecting vessels Right lymphatic duct Thoracic duct

6. Lymphatics Also called lymphatic Vessels. form a one-way system, and lymph flows only toward the heart.

7. Lymph capillaries A microscopic vessel that ,blind-ended between the tissue cells and blood capillaries and absorb the leaked fluid.

8. Mini-valves The edges of the endothelial cells overlap one another forming mini-valves that act as one-way swinging doors Established by fine collagen fibers to surrounding structures gape open when the fluid pressure is higher in the interstitial space, allowing fluid to enter the lymphatic capillary.

9. Lymphatic collecting vessels. in which the Lymph is transported from the lymph capillaries through successively larger lymphatic vessels referred to as lymphatic collecting vessels, until it is finally returned to the venous system through one of the two large ducts in the thoracic region.

10. Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

11. Right lymphatic duct drains the lymph from the right arm and the right side of the head and thorax.

12. thoracic duct The large thoracic duct receives lymph from the rest of the body

13. Lymphatic organs and its tissues cells and organs that make up the lymphatic system and its organs are: Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus gland Tonsils Peyer`s patches

14. Lymph nodes help in protection the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and  tumor  cells from the lymphatic stream and by producing lymphocytes that function in the immune response.

15. Lymph nodes Size (approximately 2.5cm )and generally kidney shaped.  surrounded by a fibrous capsule  trabeculae. outer part of the node, the cortex , contains lymphocytes   .   macrophages are located in the central medulla of the lymph node . Lymph enters the lymph node (Afferent). lymph exits from the lymph node  (Efferent ) .

16. Spleen The spleen is a soft, blood-rich organ that filters blood.

17. Location :  located on the left side of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. Function: filtering lymph site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance 

18. Thymus gland The thymus gland functions at peak levels only during youth.

19. Location :  low in the throat overlying the heart . Function: can carry out their protective roles in the body.

20. Tonsils small masses of lymphoid tissue that ring the pharynx (the throat Function: trap and remove any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat.

21. Peyer`s patches resemble the look of the tonsils . in the wall of the small intestine . The macrophages of Peyer’s patches are in an ideal position to capture and destroy bacteria  preventing them from penetrating the intestinal wall.

22. The lymph fluid

23. What is lymph ?? The word  lymph  is derived from the name of the  ancient Roman deity   , “ Lympha ” which mean fresh water Lymph is the fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system. The lymph is formed when the interstitial fluid (the fluid which lies in the interstices of all body tissues ) is collected through lymph capillaries.

24. Formation Blood supplies nutrients and important metabolites to the cells of a tissue and collects back the waste products they produce, which requires exchange of respective constituents between the blood and tissue cells This exchange is not direct, but instead is effected through an intermediary called interstitial fluid or tissue fluid , (the fluid that occupies the spaces between the cells and constitutes their immediate environment ) Water and solutes can pass between the interstitial fluid and blood via diffusion across gaps in capillary walls called intercellular clefts; thus, the blood and interstitial fluid are in dynamic equilibrium with each other.

25. Formation Interstitial fluid forms at the arterial (coming from the heart) end of capillaries because of the higher pressure of blood compared to veins, and most of it returns to its venous ends and venules the rest (up to 10%) enters the lymph capillaries as lymph. Thus, lymph when formed is a watery clear liquid with the same composition as the interstitial fluid . However, as it flows through the lymph nodes it comes in contact with blood, and tends to accumulate more cells (particularly, lymphocytes) and proteins

26. Lymphatic circulation Lymph comes from interstitial fluids to lymphatic vessels It is then transported through larger lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes, where it is cleaned by lymphocytes Tubular vessels transport lymph back to the blood, ultimately replacing the volume lost during the formation of the interstitial fluid. These channels are the lymphatic channels, or simply lymphatics . It Emptying into the right or the left subclavian vein, where it mixes back with the blood.

27. Lymphatic circulation Flow of the lymph in the thoracic duct in an average resting person usually approximates 100ml per hour. Accompanied by another ~25ml per hour in other lymph vessels . total lymph flow in the body is about 4 to 5 liters per day. This can be elevated several folds while exercising. Thus it can be estimated that without lymphatic flow, an average resting person would die within 24 hours

28. Note : Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump , or lymph hearts (which are found in some animals). Lymph transport, therefore, is slow and sporadic. Despite low pressure, lymph movement occurs due to peristalsis (propulsion of the lymph due to alternate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle tissue), valves, and compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial pulsation. Lymph that enters the lymph vessels from the interstitial spaces usually does not flow backwards along the vessels because of the presence of valves .

29. Note : Number of leukocytes in the lymph which inter the lymph node is smaller than the lymph leaving the node

30. Composition of lymph Since the lymph is derived from the interstitial fluid, its composition continually changes as the blood. It is generally similar to blood plasma but less in proteins and has a high concentration of WBCs the lymph formed in the human digestive system called chyle is rich in triglycerides (fat), and looks milky white because of its lipid content.

31. Function Immunity fluids from all capillary beds are filtered (immune cells stand ready to respond to foreign cells or chemicals encountered ) Lipid absorption Lacteals in small intestine absorb dietary lipids 3. Fluid recovery a) absorbs plasma proteins and fluid (2 to 4 L/day) from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream b) interference with lymphatic drainage leads to severe edema

32. Lab testes and lymphatic disorder

33. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome  ( HIV/AIDS ) WBCs count = 0 Transmission Sexual Body fluids Mother-to-child

34. Allergic Count of basophil increase because it secret Histamine and heparin which decrease allergic reaction

35. oedema . If excessive hydrostatic pressure develops within the lymph vessels, though, some fluid can leak back into the interstitial spaces

36. Diseases Lymphoma: cancer of the lymph nodes when lymphocytes grow and multiply uncontrollably two main types of lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin: Most people with lymphoma have this type. Hodgkin

37. Lymphedema: Extra fluid builds up in the tissue lymphatic system doesn't working well  lymph nodes were damaged or removed. side effect of cancer treatment that commonly occurs in women who have had surgery to remove a breast cancer.

38. Reference Kirk C. Hansen , Angelo D’Alessandro , Cristina C. Clement and Laura  Santambrogio .(2015). International Immunology, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp. 219–227 Sloop, Charles H.; Ladislav Dory; Paul S. Roheim (March 1987 ). Interstitial fluid lipoproteins  (PDF).  Journal of Lipid Research .  28  (3): 225–237.  https://www.slideshare.net/KomalKp1/body-fluids-csf-lymph-and-blood?from_action=save https://nurseslabs.com/lymphatic-system-anatomy-physiology/#other-lymphoid-organs https://www.livescience.com/26983-lymphatic-system.html

39. Questions