Macronutrient deficiency

For Education

1. Nutritional Deficiency-Macronutrient Environmental Factor Affecting the Embryo (BAYOG, BOBILA, ESTEBAN, VILLANUEVA)

2. Nutritional status during pregnancy can have a significant impact on maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Requirements for macronutrients such as energy and protein increase during pregnancy to maintain maternal homeostasis while supporting foetal growth.

3. Macronutrients Deficiency are lack of required large amounts of nutrients that are needed in minute amounts of the body. Lack of nutrients can result in undernutrition, which can lead to deficiency syndromes. What is Macronutrient Deficiency?

4. ENERGY PROTEIN GLYCAEMIC INDEX, GLYCAEMIC LOAD and FIBER FATTY ACIDS Macronutrients in Pregnancy

5. Energy intake is the main determinant of gestational weight gain. Extra energy is required for the synthesis of new tissue. Appropriate maternal energy intake is important to prevent poor pregnancy outcomes associated with both insufficient and excessive gestational weight gain. ENERGY

6. Gestational Diabetes Macrosomic Infant RISK:

7. PROTEIN Protein is involved in both structural and functional biological roles. Protein is necessary for growth, repair and maintenance. Animal protein sources are considered “complete proteins” because they provide all nine indispensable amino acids.

8. Unhealthy Fetal Development Low Birth Weight (LBW) Protein Deficiency RISK:

9. GLYCAEMIC INDEX, GLYCAEMIC LOAD and FIBRE The glycaemic index (GI) quantifies glycaemic responses induced by carbohydrates from different foods. Glycaemic load (GL) takes into account both the quality (GI) and quantity of carbohydrates in food and is obtained by multiplying the GI by the carbohydrate content of a given food. Dietary fibre describes a variety of plant-based carbohydrates that are resistant to digestion by human gastrointestinal enzymes. These include soluble fibre (fruits, vegetables, legumes), insoluble fibre (nuts, wholegrain bread or cereals) or resistant starch (cooked potato and rice).

10. The brain of the embryo needs glucose to receive messages from the body and interpret them. In severe cases in women with diabetes, hypoglycemia can lead to seizures, coma, and even death. Based on the currently available evidence, the use of a low-GI diet during pregnancy would appear to have no disadvantages. RISK:

11. FATTY ACIDS Fatty acids are key structural components of cell membranes and are vital for tissue formation. Two PUFAs, arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are criti cal to fetal and infant central ne rvous system (CNS) growth and development. Therefore, dietary intake of fatty acids, particularly long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as DHA and EPA, is important during pregnancy to meet the requirements of the mother as well as the developing fetus.

12. Clinical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency include a dry scaly rash, decreased growth in infants and children, increased susceptibility to infection, and poor wound healing. Symptoms of an omega-3 fatty acid deficiency include visual problems and sensory nerve disorders. RISK:

13. Summary

14. T h a n k Y o u f o r L i s t e n i n g!