Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing

1. Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Nursing Josephine Ann J. Necor , RN

2. Madeleine Leininger T he founder of the theory of Transcultural N ursing / Culture Care Theory Her theory has now developed as a discipline in nursing. Evolution of her theory can be understood from her books: Culture Care Diversity and Universality  (1991) Transcultural Nursing  (1995) Transcultural Nursing  (2002) Theoretical framework is depicted in her model called the Sunrise Model (1997).

3. One of the first nursing theorists and transcultural global nursing consultant. MSN - Catholic University in Washington DC. PhD in anthropology - University of Washington. She developed the concept of transcultural nursing and the ethnonursing research model.

4. -Middle Range Nursing Theory Transcultural Nursing Theory

5. THEORETICAL SOURCES Derived from the discipline of anthropology; conceptualized the theory to be relevant to nursing.

6. USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE Leininger favors ethnomethods as the desired and meaningful approach to study care because these methods are directed toward discovering the people’s “truth” views, beliefs, and patterned lifeways .

7. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

8. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS TRANSCULTURAL NURSING - is a comparative study of cultures to understand similarities (culture universal) and difference (culture-specific) across human groups ( Leininger , 1991).

9. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS CULTURE - Set of values, beliefs and traditions, that are held by a specific group of people and handed down from generation to generation. also beliefs, habits, likes, dislikes, customs and rituals learn from one’s family. the learned, shared and transmitted values, beliefs, norms and life way practices of a particular group that guide thinking, decisions, and actions in patterned ways.

10. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS Culture is learned by each generation through both formal and informal life experiences. Language is primary through means of transmitting culture. The practices of particular culture often arise because of the group's social and physical environment. Culture practice and beliefs are adapted over time but they mainly remain constant as long as they satisfy needs.

11. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS RELIGION - Is a set of belief in a divine or super human power (or powers) to be obeyed and worshipped as the creator and ruler of the universe. ETHNIC - refers to a group of people who share a common and distinctive culture and who are members of a specific group. ETHNICITY - a consciousness of belonging to a group. CULTURAL IDENTITY - the sense of being part of an ethnic group or culture.

12. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS CULTURE-UNIVERSALS - commonalities of values, norms of behavior, and life patterns that are similar among different cultures. CULTURE-SPECIFICS - values, beliefs, and patterns of behavior that tend to be unique to a designate culture . MATERIAL CULTURE - refers to objects (dress, art, religious artifacts) NON-MATERIAL CULTURE - refers to beliefs customs, languages, social institutions .

13. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS SUBCULTURE - composed of people who have a distinct identity but are related to a larger cultural group. BICULTURAL – a person who crosses two cultures, lifestyles, and sets of values DIVERSITY - refers to the fact or state of being different. Diversity can occur between cultures and within a cultural group . ACCULTURATION - People of a minority group tend to assume the attitudes, values, beliefs, find practices of the dominant society resulting in a blended cultural pattern.

14. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS CULTURAL SHOCK - the state of being disoriented or unable to respond to a different cultural environment because of its sudden strangeness, unfamiliarity, and incompatibility to the stranger's perceptions and expectations as it is differentiated from others by symbolic markers (cultures, biology, territory, religion). ETHNIC GROUPS – share a common social and cultural heritage that is passed on to successive generations . ETHNIC IDENTITY - refers to a subjective perspective of the person's heritage and to a sense of belonging to a group that is distinguishable from other groups . RACE - the classification of people according to shared biologic characteristics, genetic markers, or features. Not all people of the same race have the same culture .

15. MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS CULTURAL AWARENESS - an in-depth self-examination of one's own background, recognizing biases and prejudices and assumptions about other people. CULTURALLY CONGRUENT CARE - Care that fits the people's valued life patterns and set of meanings -which is generated from the people themselves, rather than based on predetermined criteria. CULTURALLY COMPETENT CARE - the ability of the practitioner to bridge cultural gaps in caring, work with cultural differences and enable clients and families to achieve meaningful and supportive caring.

16. Nursing Decisions Leininger (1991) identified three nursing decision and action modes to achieve culturally congruent care. Cultural preservation or maintenance. Cultural care accommodation or negotiation. Cultural care repatterning or restructuring.

17. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS Illness and wellness are shaped by various factors including perception and coping skills, as well as the social level of the patient. Cultural competence is an important component of nursing. Culture influences all spheres of human life. It defines health, illness, and the search for relief from disease or distress. Religious and Cultural knowledge is an important ingredient in health care.

18. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS The health concepts held by many cultural   groups    may result in people choosing not to seek modern medical treatment procedures. Health care provider need to be flexible in the design of programs, policies, and services to meet the needs and concerns of the culturally diverse population, groups that are likely to be encountered. Most cases of lay illness have multiple causalities and may require several different approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and cure including folk and Western medical interventions .

19. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS The use of traditional or alternate models of health care delivery is widely varied and may come into conflict with Western models of health care practice. Culture guides behavior into acceptable ways for the people in a specific group as such culture originates and develops within the social structure through inter personal interactions. For a nurse to successfully provide care for a client of a different cultural or ethnic background, effective intercultural communication must take place.

20. APPLICATION TO NURSING To develop understanding, respect and appreciation for the individuality and diversity of patients beliefs, values, spirituality and culture regarding illness, its meaning, cause, treatment, and outcome. To encourage in developing and maintaining a program of physical, emotional and spiritual self-care introduce therapies such as ayurveda and pancha karma .

21. HEALTH PRACTICES IN DIFFERENT CULTURES Use of Protective Objects Use of Substances Religious Practices Traditional Remedies Healers Immigration Gender Roles Beliefs about mental health Economic Factors Time Orientation Personal Space

22. Goal of Transcultural N ursing “to give culturally congruent nursing care, and to provide culture specific and universal nursing care practices for the health and well-being of people or to aid them in facing adverse human conditions, illness or death in culturally meaningful ways .”

23. The Sunrise Model Symbolizes the “rising of the sun (care)” The upper half of the circle depicts components of the social structure and world view factors that influence care and health through language and environment. These factors influence the folk, professional , and nursing system(s), which are in the lower half of the model. The two halves together form a full sun, which represents the universe that nurses must consider to appreciate human care and health. The nursing subsystem can act as a bridge between the folk and personal health systems through the three types of nursing care actions: cultural care preservation, cultural care accommodation, and cultural repatterning .

24. ACCEPTANCE BY THE NURSING COMMUNITY

25. PRACTICE Accepted in the nursing practice; Communities are becoming more multicultural, and health personnel are being expected to respond to client’s diverse cultural needs. Immigrants and people from unfamiliar cultures are generally expecting nurses to respect their cultural values, beliefs, and lifeways .

26. EDUCATION Since 1980, An increasing number of nursing curricula emphasize transcultural nursing and care.

27. RESEARCH Several research nurses are testing transultural nursing in US and other countries. Many cultures have been studied utilizing this theory.

28. CRITIQUE Simplicity – not simple; truly transcultural, global in scope, and highly complex; holistic and comprehensive Generality – general; qualitatively-oriented theory that is broad, comprehensive, and worldwide in scope; useful and applicable to groups and individuals with the goal of rendering culture-specific nursing care.

29. CRITIQUE Empirical Precision – researchable; qualitative research has been the primary paradigm to discover largely unknown phenomena of care and health in diverse cultures Derivable Consequences – has important outcomes for nursing; culture-specific care is necessary and essential new goal in nursing; useful and applicable to nursing practice, education, and research

30. REFERENCES www.currenrnursing.com Tomey , A.M., (1994). Nursing Theorists and Their Work. 3rd ed. Missouri: Mosby

31. THANK YOU!